Knowledge Management Models And Frameworks Commerce Essay

Knowledge Management Models And Frameworks Commerce Essay The purpose of this paper is to critically review the various knowledge management models and frameworks. The review found that various knowledge management models and frameworks varies in perspectives ranging from the basic assumption of the articulation and transfer of tacit and explicit knowledge to the more complex and complicated assumption that knowledge is intellectual capital and it is mechanistic in perspective as well as an important asset that has to be managed efficiently for firms success. In this paper, knowledge management models are divided into three categories: knowledge category models, intellectual capital models, and socially constructed models. Besides, two knowledge management frameworks will be discussed in this paper. Finally, a KM model and framework is tentatively suggested to act as a useful guide for further research and organizational application. Introduction Nowadays, the world is fully experiencing an era, namely: knowledge age or the knowledge economy. In knowledge economy, knowledge is the crucial commodity due to the rapidly technological advancement. The technological innovations are eliminating the gap between competing companies and the collective knowledge of the employees become the key factor in producing innovative and competitive products or services (Sunassee and Sewry, 2002). Since previously managers did not encourage diffusion and sharing of knowledge among employees, changing in mindset is required for managing the knowledge effectively. The knowledge-driven activities in organizations and of the broader economic and social life lead to the management of knowledge become very important (Sunassee and Sewry, 2002). In general, this managerial activity has been known as Knowledge Management (KM). Previous research on knowledge management indicates the existence of various definitions of knowledge management. According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), knowledge management is the capability of a company to create new knowledge, disseminate it throughout the organization and embody it in products, services, and systems. Duffy (1999) defines knowledge management as the identification, growth and effective application of an organisations critical knowledge. Knowledge management has been defined in another term, which is an organized and explicit process to generate, renew, and apply knowledge to maximize an organizations knowledge-related effectiveness and returns from its knowledge assets (Wiig, 1997). Alavi and Leidner (1999) define knowledge management as a systemic and organizationally specified process for acquiring, organizing, and communicating both tacit and explicit knowledge of employees so that other employees may make use of it to be more effective and productive in thei r work. Besides, ODell et al., (1998) define knowledge management as a conscious strategy of getting the right knowledge to the right people at the right time and helping people share and put information into action in ways that strive to improve organizational performance. For instance, Beckman (1999) define knowledge management as the formalization of and access to experience, knowledge and expertise that create new capabilities, enable superior performance, encourage innovation and enhance customer value. In general, KM is the process of creating, storing, distributing, and applying knowledge. By reviewing the significance of knowledge management and the complexity of its nature, it is timely to try to understand the latest theories underlying knowledge and knowledge management. Hence, this paper will critically study the latest models and frameworks of knowledge management and discuss on the assumptions and views of each model and framework. The aim of this paper is to examine the current understanding of the theory and practice of the emerging field of knowledge management by critically evaluating existing knowledge management models and frameworks. Therefore, employers or practitioners in organizations can understand their concepts and improved approaches can be developed and applied to organization and to those who need to work and implement knowledge management. This paper will begin by presenting the aims and objectives and followed with a short discussion on the types of knowledge. This is followed with the discussion on some of the existing knowledge management models and frameworks. Types of Knowledge In todays competitive business environment, only the knowledge of an organization can provide the basis for organizational renewal and sustainable competitive advantages. Organizational knowledge can be classified into two distinctive types of knowledge: explicit and tacit. According to Polanyi (1967), explicit knowledge is the knowledge which is easily to formalize, transfer, and store; documented, articulated into formal language, formally expressible and easily to communicate; tacit knowledge is pertaining to ideas, feelings, and individual experience, which is more complicated and difficult to share with each others. Explicit knowledge is the fact and can be codified and transmitted in a systematic and formal language. It is usually data, which is internal to an organization and can be easily collected. Tacit knowledge is the personal experiences, context-specific knowledge that is difficult to formalize record or articulate. It actually resides in the heads of the people, behavior and perception (Frid, 2000). Examples are intuitions, hunches, insights, beliefs and values. Both tacit and explicit knowledge are needed for an organization to achieve greater performance (Sanchez et. al. 1996). Knowledge Management Models and Frameworks Knowledge Category Models These types of model categorize knowledge into discrete elements. One of the most renowned KM models fits into this category, the Knowledge Spiral model by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995). This model presents a high level conceptual representation of the knowledge dimensions, namely tacit and explicit knowledge. The model makes a number of assumptions, namely: 1. Tacit knowledge can be transferred through a process of socialization (everyday comradeship) to become the tacit knowledge of others top left quadrant 2. Tacit knowledge can become explicit knowledge through a process of externalization (formalizing a body of knowledge) top right quadrant 3. Explicit knowledge can be transferred into tacit knowledge in others through a process of internalization (translating theories into practice) bottom left quadrant 4. Explicit knowledge can be transferred to explicit knowledge in others through a process of combination (combining existing theories) -bottom right quadrant. One criticism of the model is that knowledge transfer in organizations is much more complicated and convoluted than this simple matrix suggests. The model also assumes an integration of tacit and explicit knowledge; often this is not the case. This model is shown in figure no. 1 below. A simple but more elaborate version of Nonakas model is shown in figure no. 2 (Hedlund and Nonaka, 1993). This model assumes there are four different levels of carriers, or agents, of knowledge in organizations, namely the individual, the group, the organization and the inter-organizational domain (customers, suppliers, competitors, etc.). The above model is helpful by relating the carriers to the types of knowledge; it remains problematic in that it assumes the carriers, like the knowledge, can be simply separated. Another example of a knowledge category model is that of Boisot, (1998), as shown in figure no. 3. Boisots model considers knowledge as codified or uncodified, diffused or undiffused, within an organization. Boisot uses the term codified to refer to knowledge that can be readily prepared for transmission purposes (e.g. financial data). The term uncodified refers to knowledge that cannot be easily prepared for transmission purposes (e.g. experience). The term diffused refers to knowledge that is readily shared while undiffused refers to knowledge that is not readily shared. The model presents the following characteristics: 1. Knowledge categorized as both codified and undiffused is referred to as propriety knowledge. In this case, knowledge is prepared for transmission but is deliberately restricted to a selectively small population, on a need to know basis (e.g. projected profits, share price issues) top left quadrant 2. Knowledge that is relatively uncodified and undiffused is referred to as personal knowledge (e.g. perceptions, insights, experiences) bottom left quadrant knowledge that is both codified and diffused is referred to as public knowledge (e.g. journals, books, libraries) top right quadrant Knowledge which is relatively diffused but also uncodified is labeled common sense bottom right quadrant. Boisot, (1998) considers such knowledge as being built up slowly by a process of socialization, harboring customs and intuition. There are few similarities between Nonakas model and Boisots model. For example, Nonakas categorization of explicit and tacit knowledge has a degree of correspondence with Boisots reference to codified and uncodified knowledge. The horizontal dimension relates to the spread or diffusion of knowledge across the organization in both models. However, Boisots model experiences the same limitations as Nonakas model in that codified and uncodified are but two discrete categories of knowledge. In addition, the idea of diffused knowledge is rather general and it is not clear if it includes incorporating knowledge within the organization, as well as disseminating it. Figure No. 3-Knowledge Category Model (Boisot, 1998) Intellectual Capital Models Management gurus such as Drucker (1993) and Brooking (1997) and practitioner icons such as Edvinsson, (1997) elucidated the notion of Intellectual Capital (IC). Knowledge and capital have been linked together for many years. Knowledge is being capitalized as a resource comparable to land or oil. However, we also need to focus on the intangible elements which knowledge contains such as employee skills, experiences, patients, copyrights, brands, licensing opportunities, research and development, innovative use of assets such as databases, etc. (Quintas et al, 1997). As these type of elements are not normally recorded on the traditional organizational balance sheet they are referred to Intellectual Assets; hence the term Intellectual Capital. KM is actively concerned with the strategic outlook and operational tactics required for managing human centered, intellectual assets (Brooking, 1997). According to Peters (1992), KM can affect intellectual capital or as recognizing or rediscovering assets that the organization are not using to full potential, ultimately employees. As these approaches imply that the key areas of KM are the management of IC it is worth reviewing a typical IC model. The model, shown below in figure no. 5, is the Intellectual Capital model from Skandia Insurance which is adopted from Chase (1997), and Roos and Roos (1997). According to Edvinsson and Malone, (1997) intellectual capital concsists the applied experience, organizational technology, customer relationships and professional skills that provide Skandia with a competitive advantage in the market. One problem that can be associated with this model is the adoption of a scientific approach to knowledge. This is evident through the classification of knowledge as a commodity linking it to organization capital. This view of intellectual capital ignores the political and social aspects of KM. KM can be decomposed into objective elements rather than being socio-political phenomena from the view of intellectual capital. This is similar to the Nonaka and Takeuchi, (1995) approach. As befits a new area of inquiry, much analytical work is focused on categorizing, mapping and measuring of knowledge types and processes. Although this is helpful, the epistemological basis of the field cannot be ignored (McAdam and McCreedy, 1999). Hence, we need to embrace socially constructed models of KM. Figure No. 4-Intellectual Capital Model of KM (Chase, 1997) Socially Constructed Models This group of models assumes a wide definition of knowledge viewing it as being intrinsically linked within the social and learning processes of the organization. KM is concerned with the construction, capture, interpretation, embodiment, dissemination and use of knowledge. These components are represented in Demerests (1997) Knowledge Management model. The model is developed from the original work of Clark and Staunton, (1989) and Nonaka and Takeuchi, (1995). It can be compared to that of Jordan and Jones, (1997) who speak of knowledge acquisition, problem solving, dissemination, ownership and storage and that of Kruizinga et al. (1997) who include knowledge policy, infrastructure and culture. Firstly, the model emphasizes the construction of knowledge within the organization. The model assumes that constructed knowledge is then embodied. Next the embodied knowledge is disseminated throughout the organization. Ultimately the knowledge is used to gain economic value with regard to organizational outputs. The black arrows in figure no. 5 show the primary flow direction while the white arrows show the more recursive flows. Figure No. 5 -Knowledge Management Model Demerest, (1997) Demerests model is attractive in that it does not assume any given definition of knowledge but rather invites a more holistic approach to knowledge construction. However, it does imply a simplistic procession approach to the flow of knowledge transfer, while in reality this may be extremely rapid and circulatory. To overcome this gap a slightly modified version of Demerests model has been developed, figure no. 6. Firstly the model emphasizes the construction of knowledge within an organization where either a scientific or social paradigm may be adopted. The scientific view of knowledge takes a knowledge is truth view (Morgan, 1986). This view considers that knowledge is a body of facts and rational laws thus promoting a non-personal view of knowledge, skills and tasks (Lave and Wenger, 1991). On the other hand the social view of knowledge is concerned with the social and learning processes within an organization. However, this approach assumes that knowledge construction is inequality, conflict, domination, subordination and manipulation influences as well as more traditional behavioral questions associated with efficiency and motivation (Alvesson and Wilmott, 1996). Thus social knowledge construction is a dynamic process of contextuality rather than the assimilation of a body of facts. In th e McAdam and McCreedys (1999) model depicted in figure no. 6, knowledge construction is not limited to scientific inputs through explicit programmes but includes a process of social interaction. The implications of this broader concept of knowledge construction must be reflected in the embodiment/dissemination of knowledge as part of the organizations KM approach. There is little point in widening the concept of knowledge construction only to limit the embodiment and dissemination techniques used or to force existing techniques onto new knowledge. Attempting to do so will lead to disappointing results, frustration and a negative view to KM caused by the mismatch between conception and application. Knowledge usage must also be reflected via the knowledge initiatives installed in the organization. Demerest (1997) describes use (as deployed in figure no. 6) as the production of commercial value for the customer. While increasing commercial value is a key objective of KM, it is not the only objective. Therefore knowledge use must be employed through the application of a complementary approach for emancipatory enhancements and organization outputs. This will permit the organization to be viewed and reformed from different perspectives that will facilitate continuous innovation, thus creating the ultimate business benefits for the organization as a whole. While the interconnecting vectors (black arrows) show the primary flow of activity, more recursive arrows are added to reflect the circulating nature of activity flows, thus depicting that KM is not a simple sequential process. Figure No. 6-Modified Version of Demerests Knowledge Management Model (McAdam and McCreedy, 1999) Knowledge Management Frameworks Stankosky and Baldanza (2001) developed a knowledge management framework which addresses enabling factors such as learning, culture, leadership, organization and technology (refer to figure no. 7). This framework presents that knowledge management covers a wide range of disciplines that include cognitive science, communication, individual and organizational behavior, psychology, finance, economics, human resource, management, strategic planning, system thinking, process reengineering, system engineering, computer technologies and software and library science. This framework consists four major foundations of an organization which is important for knowledge management are leadership, organization structure, technology infrastructure and learning. The role of leadership is practicing strategic planning and systems thinking approaches, making best use of resources, fostering a culture that encourages open dialogue and team learning, and for encouraging and rewarding risk taking, learning and knowledge sharing. Organization structure should facilitate personal interactions and support communities of practice to capture tacit and explicit knowledge within the organization. Besides, organizational structure should facilitate trust among people within the organization and encourage free exchange of knowledge. Technology infrastructure allows exchange of information without formal structures. Technology infrastructure should enhance the efficient and effective capture of both tacit and explicit knowledge. It should also support knowledge sharing in the entire organization. Lastly, learning is responsible for managing information in order to build enterprise wide knowledge and use that knowledge to organizational learning, change and performance improvement. Figure No. 7-Basic Disciplines Underlying Knowledge Management and its Enabling Factors (Stankosky and Baldanza , 2001) Karadesh et al. (2009) developed a knowledge management framework that emphasizes on developing phases such as knowledge infrastructure, knowledge combination, knowledge filtering, knowledge repository, knowledge sharing, knowledge application, and finally, knowledge performance across the KM process (refer to figure no. 8). The first element is knowledge infrastructure, which relies on building the proper culture for Knowledge Management System and establishes the awareness of the importance of KM among the individuals in the organization. The second element is knowledge combination that functions as a temporary repository of collected information from the infrastructure phase. The third element is knowledge evaluation which is used to assess the knowledge based on the value; accuracy and relevance after the knowledge have been combined from different sources (Sunassee and Sewry, 2002). Knowledge filtering is the fourth element that prepares knowledge to be stored in the next phase, after going through classification, categorization and organization. The fifth element is knowledge repository that functions as storage for the knowledge collected in the past stages. It also can be viewed as organization memory and retention of knowledge assets. Knowledge sharing is a core process in the process of the KM that transfers and shares knowledge among the individuals in the organization. Knowledge application is the seventh element that applies and represents information to knowledge seekers in appropriate matter. The last element is knowledge performance which is used to evaluate every KM system, process, performance, and impact of KM. It is performing according to the organization goals and objectives. Figure No. 8-Conceptual Framework for Knowledge Management Process (Karadesh et al., 2009) Conclusion The review of existing knowledge management models and frameworks has seen a wide spectrum of viewpoints. Knowledge management has been seen from the categorical view in which knowledge are categorized into discrete elements as seen in Boisot, Nonaka, and Nonaka and Hedlunds models to the more complicated and complex perspective of knowledge that is mechanistic and socially constructed orientation (McAdam and McCreedys, 1999). Moreover, these knowledge management models have made reference to: first, the process of managing the flow knowledge; second, categorization models are mechanistic; third, the intellectual capital model assumed that intellectual capital are crucial assets in organization and should be manage efficiently for firms success; fourth, Demerests model is intrinsically linked with the social and learning process within organizations; McAdam and McCreedys model is slightly modified from Demerests model, which seeks to address the limitations by explicitly showing the influence of both social and scientific paradigms of knowledge construction, and extends the use element to cover both business and employee benefits. Stankosky and Baldanzas knowledge management framework emphasized that leadership, organization structure, technology infrastructure and learning are important foundations for knowledge management in an organization; finally, Karadesh et al.s knowledge management framework represents with extensive and detailed processes and tends to provide guidelines for executing KM successfully, save time and efforts and to avoid inaccuracies. Even though knowledge management models and frameworks have evolved from time to time, basically the models and frameworks provide a way of transforming managerial activities and guiding managerial efforts in managing knowledge in the organizations. The KM model and framework that are suggested to act as a useful guide for further research and organizational application is McAdam and McCreedys model and Karadesh et al.s framework. McAdam and McCreedys model combines scientific and socially constructed knowledge, and also the uses/benefits of KM are viewed as both emancipatory and as business oriented. Karadesh et al.s framework provides a broadest analysis of KM process that can be used to foster the development of organization knowledge and enhance the organizational impact of individuals throughout the organizations. Therefore, it is suggested that this model and framework could act as a useful guide for further research and literature evaluation in the area of knowledge management.

Carl Robins Essay

This case study pertains to an employee by the name of Carl Robins. He has been employed by ABC, Inc as a Campus Recruiter for six months. In early April, during Mr. Robins first six months of employment; he successfully recruited 15 new hires. The new trainees were to report to Monica Carrolls, the Operations Supervisor, as they would be working under her. (University of Phoenix, 2014) This case study analysis of Mr. Robins is in relation to the numerous issues that transpired between April and June 15th. To obtain a clear understanding of the complications that transpired, the company believes that it would be in their best interest to consult a firm to look into the company’s issues and to help solve the problems that have emerged; this may be the most effective method to identify and recommend ways to improve ABC, Inc.’s recruiting of new trainees. I. ISSUES THAT TRANSPIRED The consulting firm came into ABC, Inc. and thoroughly examined background information on the situation. There were many key problems that had been identified during the evaluation. The issues that ABC, Inc. was facing were centered on Mr. Carl Robins, ABC, Inc.’s Campus Recruiter and also on the company ABC, Inc. To begin, Mr. Robins has been with the company merely a short six months. The consulting firm believes that Mr. Robins lacks experience, training and supervision. The firm also believes that ABC, Inc. did not train him properly nor did it provide him with the knowledge he needed to proceed properly with the hiring process. He lacked experience and knowledge of the hiring process and he was still allowed to hire 15 new  trainees for the Operations Supervisor, Monica Carrolls. Although hiring 15 new trainees is great accomplishment for a new employee, this might have been too many employees to be hired at once for a first recruitment. Because he is still new to ABC, Inc., learning about day to day operations, the hiring of 15 new trainees can be overwhelming, even to the most experienced of people. Another issue Mr. Robin’s was facing, was the lack of communication between him and the other employees in the office. On May 15th, he was contacted by Monica Carrolls about the following issues: the training schedule, orientation, manuals, policy booklets, physicals, drug tests, and a host of other issues, which Carl would coordinate for the new hires. Once again, Carl assured the Operations Supervisor, Monica Carrolls, that he would have everything completed and arranged by the June 15th orientation. After further review, Carl had realized that when going through the new trainee files to finalize all the paperwork for the June 15th orientation; applications for some of the new trainees had not been completed. Also, there were no transcripts on file and none of the 15 trainees had been sent for the mandatory drug screen. Another problem Carl had was that the orientation manuals were missing several pages from each of them and he only had three copies of the manuals. Lastly, upon checking the conference room to confirm the date of the orientation, he had not realized that the conference room had been booked for the whole month of June by the Technology Services Department. There are several concerns or issues that need to be addressed and that Carl and ABC, Inc. need to rectify. Below are the listed issues of these concerns that will be discussed. Review of addressed issues: 1. Incomplete employee applications 2. Mandatory drug screens were not scheduled 3. Employee transcripts were not on file 4. Incomplete orientation manuals 5. Shortage of orientation manuals 6. Resource scheduling conflicts II. PROBLEM SOLVING SOLUTIONS After the case review of Carl Robin’s, discussion of possible solutions available to rectify the situations at hand and the proposed solutions that Mr. Robin’s should take have been reviewed. Starting with concerns and issues, numbers one through three, the incomplete employee applications; Carl needs to contact the 15 new hires and make them aware of the absence in their records and have them complete the applications that need to be submitted to the Human Resources Department along with a transcript; they also have to complete a mandatory drug screen prior to orientation. Carl needs to set a deadline for the mandatory drug screens to be completed prior to the June 15th orientation training. On the concerns and issues, number four and five, the incomplete orientation manuals and the shortage of the orientation manuals. The orientation manuals were short by 12; Carl needs to make arrangements with company in house copy person to finish completing the orientation manuals he needs or he must contact an outside company to help rectify the need for the orientation manuals. Carl needs to have a â€Å"Main Copy Manual† made for himself or the next person that is in his position. A hard copy manual is something that should be kept on file, so that pages will not be misplaced and there will always be one on file. Carl seems to lack knowledge of ABC, Inc.’s policies and procedures. He must get to know the material in the company’s orientation manual prior to the July orientation. Reading over the material prior to the orientation and also going over what he will be saying to the new hires with his own supervisor or another staff member might be a good way to go about this. Mr. Robin’s can also make key notes to have for himself during the orientation so he can be prepared prior to the training. Lastly, on issue and concern number six. ABC, Inc. must make arrangements to find a better way to coordinate the availability of the conference room or rooms. By not having arrangements in place for this, Carl currently does not have a place to hold orientation that is to take place on June 15th; due to the Technology Services Department holding training for the whole month of June. Whether the system that they choose be a calendar type paper based or web based, ABC, Inc. should have something in place so errors like these do not occur again. A recommendation of a web based calendar and have one person take control of it is suggested. III. PROPOSED COMPANY SOLUTIONS The proposed company solutions that should take place are: refer all applicants to the Human Resources Department and also for all new employees establish bimonthly or monthly start dates to coincide with the company’s pay periods. Have orientation manuals printed either by an in house copy person or have orientation manuals completed by an outside company. Lastly, ABC, Inc. must set up a calendar system for reserving the conference room and Carl needs to go ahead and reserve this room on a reoccurring basis. It will be easier to cancel the reserved room rather than to go scrambling looking for a room to hold orientation in. A web based calendar controlled by one person is what is recommended. Having upper management hold a meeting to discuss implementing the proposed solutions should be an additional step to take for all corporate management. Also, upper management should meet on a monthly basis to discuss issues that may be happening within the company and use critical thinking skills to help determine what steps they need to take to help their employees better themselves at their jobs. This will bring good morale to the company and will make for a better work environment. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Carl Robins is an employee of ABC, Inc. and has been working for the company for just six months. He holds the position of Campus Recruiter and on his first recruitment hired 15 new trainees. Carl lacked supervision, knowledge and experience and was not ready for such a large task. He was missing applications and mandatory drug screenings that were needed to complete employee records. Carl also did not have proper completed orientation manuals. These issues led to a case study of Carl and ABC, Inc. and proposed solutions were recommended. The recommended solutions are as follows: 1. Refer all applicants to the Human Resources Department 2. All new employees to establish bimonthly/monthly start dates to coincide with pay periods 3. Orientation manuals to be printed in house or by outside company 4. Have a â€Å"hard copy manual† made of orientation manual 5. Set up a web based calendar system for reserving conference room or rooms It is not impossible to overcome these issues, the proposed solutions if set in place should make for a better work environment for the employees of ABC, Inc. References (2014). Case study: carl robins. University of Phoenix.

Electra Products Case Analysis

Chapter 1 – case for critical analysis Question 1: How might top management have done a better job changing Electra Products into a learning organisation? What might they do now to get the empowerment process back on track? Answer: * Harry might talk with the employees. He has very much experience because he worked for 20 years in this company. He knows a lot of behaviours in the company, the good and the bad ones. Harry is able to understand the situation and the problems from the staff more than a newcomer.Furthermore he can motivate the others in a different, better way because he is in the same situation and they maybe look up to him. * The top management should support the teams with individual trainings for each department. So they can improve their skills to achieve better results in their work area. In addition they get new motivation and they approach their assignments more confident. Possible trainings could be: * Communication skills * Dealing with customers * Teamw ork * The company can make individual meetings with the employees to talk about their problems.In this case the labour has the chance to mention their own opinions and ideas. * An additional proposal to get the empowerment process back on track is to conduct surveys. So they get valuable information from outsider about the popularity of their products. In this way they can go into to the customer’s desires and get new ideas for possible innovations. Surveys are also an excellent opportunity to learn more about the competitors and their products. * To spur the employees they might give salary increases. This avoids that many of the disappointed employees are looking for another job as well.

Reader Response the Lottery - 700 Words

Reader Response #2: The Lottery â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story written by Shirley Jackson and published in 1948. The title of the story initially leads readers to believe the story is going to be about someone winning some kind of prize. Even the opening of the story seems to protest any foul play or cruel behavior. What the reader is introduced to is a seemingly friendly gathering of a small village community, members all gathered around anxiously awaiting their drawing for the lottery. The village members all chatter amongst one another in a tone that kind neighbors would take with one another. To the surprise of the reader, the story provides a shocking twist. The story is not about someone winning a prize. Instead the story reveals†¦show more content†¦She certainly succeeded in shocking her audiences with the unforeseeable twist that arose at the end of the story. I did not expect the ending that I read. Even when I realized that the woman of the family who drew the winning ticket was arguing against the winnings, I had not ever thought that perhaps someone would die as a result. The fact that children were also allowed to participate in the drawing is what really made my stomach churn. Jackson certainly provided a detailed enough picture in such a few short pages to pull a physical reaction from me. I cannot rightfully say that the story was a good one, but it definitely was brilliant. It still amazes me that an author can write so descriptively and so intelligently that he or she can pull physical, mental, and emotional reactions from the person reading the story. In this case, I had several reactions to the story. Not only did I feel disgusted at how the community members were so eager to stone the woman to death, I also felt a mind-numbing sensation at the fact that such violence and cruelty closely mirrors our own modern society without the archaic practices. 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Most people associate winning a lottery with luck, yet Jackson twists thisRead More Foreshadowing in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essays1152 Words   |  5 PagesForeshadowing in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Lottery, a short story written by Shirley Jackson, is a tale about a disturbing social practice.   The setting takes place in a small village consisting of about three hundred denizens.   On June twenty-seventh of every year, the members of this traditional community hold a village-wide lottery in which everyone is expected to participate.   Throughout the story, the reader gets an odd feeling regarding the residents and their annual practice

Gender Differences In Trifles - 1499 Words

Introduction Susan Glaspell’s Trifles is a play about the effect of gender differences on perceptions of duty, law, and justice. The early 1900’s is the setting, arriving at the Wright farmhouse on a crisp, cold morning. Mr. Hale, a neighbor, found John Wright murdered the morning before. Hale has brought his wife, the county attorney, the sheriff and his wife to the home so the men can investigate Wright’s death. With Mrs. Wright as the primary suspect, Henderson, the county attorney, is looking for her motive. While the sheriff and the county attorney are busy looking at the mess left in the kitchen, the women are noticing some of the smaller things, the trifles according to Mr. Hale. The men go upstairs, and that is when Mrs. Hale†¦show more content†¦That prompts the women, who then chime in stating it must be Mrs. Wright’s fruit jars and that she was worried they would burst in the cold weather, to that Mr. Hale replies, â€Å"well, women ar e used to worrying over trifles† (Glaspell 187). Henderson says what a mess the kitchen is and speaks down about Mrs. Wright’s homemaker skills to which both Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters seem to take offense, strike two. It is clear the men are sure that neither Mrs. Hale nor Mrs. Peters could add any insight to vital clues in the murder. In the play, Mrs. Hale discusses with Mrs. Peters the situation at Mrs. Wright’s home. Ultimately, both women immediately hit with compassion and empathy for Mrs. Wright start to put two and two together. How Men and Women View Duty Differently One’s duty is something they must do as part of their job or something that is the â€Å"right† thing to do. Men, in general, tend to stick to a straight and narrow scope of things, whereas women think with emotion and more along the lines of what is right and what is wrong morally. During this time a woman’s duty was to her family, and as portrayed in this story, her friends and her gender. Furthermore, as seen in the play, the women feel a bond with one and other and tend to stick together to protect themselves. In this story, the men are there doing their jobs, and the women are only there to gather a few things for Mrs. Wright. Unfortunately, with arrogance, the men insult Mrs. Wright’sShow MoreRelatedGender Differences in Trifles Essay717 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell is a play that is largely based on stereotypes. The most prevalent one is the inferiority of women over men, thou gh the play also explores the differences between genders in general. First of all, Glaspell largely examines the repression of women in the 1900s. Women were highly looked down upon by men, and were seen mostly as housekeepers and child bearers, and were definitely not seen as intelligent people. The women in this play prove that the stereotypes againstRead MoreGender Differences In Susan Glaspells Trifles1158 Words   |  5 PagesGender Differences in Susan Glaspell s  Trifles Susan Glaspell s  Trifles  is a play about the effect of gender differences on perceptions of duty, law, and justice. The play takes place in the 1900’s, a time during which women had very few rights and were often seen as their husband’s property. Though during this time in history women were perceived as being inferior to men. The play has an unexpected twist which portrays a group of women going against social norms to solve the mystery surroundingRead MoreGender Differences In Susan Glaspells Trifles885 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Susan Glaspell’s Trifles is a play about the effect of gender differences on perceptions of duty, law, and justice. The early 1900’s is the setting, arriving at the Wright farmhouse on a crisp, cold morning. Mr. Hale, a neighbor, found John Wright murdered the morning before. Hale has brought his wife, the county attorney, the sheriff and his wife to the home so the men can investigate Wright’s death. With Mrs. Wright as the primary suspect, Henderson, the county attorney, is lookingRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles : Gender Differences And Stereotyping Explored2016 Words   |  9 PagesSusan Glaspell’s Trifles: Gender Differences and Stereotyping Explored Susan Glaspell’s Trifles is a dramatic play with satirical content that points out gender differences and how stereotyping affects perceptions of duty, justice, and law. Glaspell wrote Trifles in 1916, a time in America where women were consistently expected to be housewives and nothing more. Women’s limitations were clearly a spark of inspiration and reason for Glaspell to write Trifles, criticizing society with feministic intelligenceRead MoreTrifles : Susan Glaspell s Trifles940 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a trifle? A trifle is something that has little to no importance (dictionary.com). For instance, the color of your nails would be considered a trifle. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, women are criticized and made fun of by men because of the little things they worry about, such as the color of their nails or their hair. This exhibits the gender role difference portrayed during the play’s time period. The central conflict is what the plot is centered around. In Trifles, the central conflictRead MoreAnalysis Of Trifles By Susan Glaspell846 Words   |  4 PagesSociety has put abnormal standards between women and men. Our gender equality has been an issue throughout history and legislative rights. In the short play â€Å"Trifles† by author Susan Glaspell, shows the feminist content and the failures of marriages. Mr. and Mrs. Wright had been married for a long time. They don’t have a family and live in a place that’s very solitary aside from any other houses. An investigation occurred to find the strange death of Mr. Wright and to discovered evidence if Mrs.Read MoreComparing The Way That Trifles And The Story Of An Hour924 Words   |  4 PagesThere are several similarities and differences in the way that Trifles and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† portray gender roles. Both of these stories portray two women very unhappy in their marriages and portray men as the dominant force. Trifles and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† both deal with very specific gender roles throughout the stories that relate to the time period they were written in. Trifles deals with gender roles by using a woman that feels trapped in her marriage. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† also usesRead MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissive attitude towardsRead MoreGender Differences, Gender, And Women885 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout the play Trifles are gender differences, females having an identity and women vs. men. I will explain the great meanings behind the messages of these powerful and symbolic themes The 1st theme surrounding gender differences is first found when we realize that most of the story, the two genders are separated socially and mentally. Glaspell shows examples of this throughout the play, and also demonstrates it through the characters actions These were trifles to the men but in realityRead MoreThe Real Relationship Between Men And Women1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Real Relationship Between Men and Women In the play Trifles by Susan Glaspell, the men in the play are completely out of touch with the women. This may be perhaps the single greatest important theme of the play. The gender differences set the stage for the utmost vital event of the story, the murder. The men of the story are mainly oblivious to the steps the women undergo in the story. Understandably the women solve the murder before the men even get close. The men acted just as Mr. Wright in

Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable Agricultural Farming

Sustainable Agriculture Agriculture in the United States has changed dramatically over the centuries. Since the 1960’s large commercial farms have been leading in sales. As a direct result of their success we, as a society, have access to affordable food. However, the success of large farms has lead to many negative impacts such as increased usage of resources and decreased diversity in crop fields. This begs the question, what can be done to reduce the negative impacts of large farms. One solution growing in popularity is sustainable agriculture. The idea of sustainable agriculture is to create farms that need little to no outside help from irrigation, pesticides, or fertilizers. Sustainability can be achieved in many way through†¦show more content†¦The â€Å"busts† occur because, by forcing a plant to have the highest yield it cause most of the energy to go into growing and not natural defense. To counteract the lower defenses, farmers heavily utilize pesticides. The Board on Agric ulture and Natural Resources dubs heavy pesticide use as the â€Å"kill ‘em dead† approach which does kill non resistant pests however, pesticide usage selects the resistant strains (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources). By using pesticides a feedback loop comes to fruition as pesticides increase resistance among pests while farmers find different pesticides in the hopes of staying one foot ahead. Trap cropping has been shown as a solution to the pesticide usage problem. While working towards a PhD in horticulture Jude Boucher, from the Tolland County Extension Office at the University of Connecticut, he experimented with trap cropping (SARE). Boucher set up a system where hot cherry pepper plants were planted around a crop of sweet bell peppers creating a â€Å"poisoned fence† protecting the bell pepper crop. By using trap cropping Boucher could use small and well-timed applications of pesticides resulting in a 90% decrease in pesticide use (SARE). Other farmers have also used trap cropping and have found an 18% increase in vine crop yields, a 96% decrease in pesticide use,

Comparing & Contrasting Systemic Therapy @Myassignmenthelp.com

Question - Compare and contrast systemic theories, methods, and models from your own core model, demonstrating the differences between the two models? Answer - Comparing and contrasting systemic Therapy Systemic therapy can be defined as a form of family therapy. It does not follow the earlier forms of therapy. They address the people not at the individual level like the traditional forms of therapy. They deal with the interaction of the individual between the various groups. The patterns of interaction and the dynamics are related in this technique. It considers the systemic relationships and the interpersonal relationships between the groups. The groups can be couple or members of the family (Child Trends, 2013). The relationship between the groups is identified in case of diagnosis of a therapy that is related to the problems of psychology. The foundation of this theory is known as the systematic Meta theory. It was developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy. It is valid model that has been accepted universally. According to this theory, the system is made of number of elements. There is interaction between the various elements. There is internal order in each system. The internal order maintains the equilibrium level of the system. If the internal order is disrupted then the level of equilibrium is altered. Apart from the systemic therapy there are other approaches to counseling. They are the behavioral therapies, psychoanalytical, psychodynamic therapies and the humanistic therapies. The therapies related to behavior focus on the ways in which an individual does behave. The psychoanalytic therapies focus on the patterns of behavior that develops from the childhood. They are unconsciously developed during the childhood. The thoughts and behavior developed during childhood affect the individual in their adult life. The humanistic therapies are related to human behavior and they focus on the growth, development and the various responsibilities of the human beings. The strengths and weakness of the individuals are identified by the counselors. They seek help for the development of self esteem (systemis.ch, 2015). Systemic treatment is a type of psychotherapy (Stanton Welsh, 2012). It addresses conduct and mental manifestations inside the connection of individuals' normal lives and interpersonal relations and associations. The key controlling rule in systemic treatment is the concentrate on the framework as opposed to the single person (Winek, 2010). The systemic crew treatment methodology sees challenges and issues as emerging in the connections, collaborations, dialect and conduct designs that create between people inside a family framework, instead of in the people themselves. It serves to avoid the long haul antagonistic effect of anxieties and weights of way of life changes, such as formative clashes for kids and youths, through perceiving and supporting kids and families amid move and change (Woolfe, 2010). Other long haul changes for kids and families, coming about because of systemic help have been reported including, reinforcing family working and connections, advancing sound family structure and correspondence examples, enhancing flexibility and encouraging strong systems, frameworks and the assets of the individuals (taeterinnen.org, 2008). The traditional rule created through systemic family treatment additionally sees the couple's relationship (as the littlest framework), the family framework and organization hierarchical frameworks as assets (Achouri, 2015). The individual parts can create capacities and qualities additionally behavioral unsettling influences. On the off chance that a part of a gathering showcases mental or behavioral aggravations, this individual is viewed as the side effect transporter for the whole framework (Hedges, 2015). This individual is regularly avoided from the gathering/framework or the reason for all troubles and clashes may be ascribed to them (Beckinstitute.org, 2015). For this situation, the individual no more has free get to the greater part of their assets for the improvement they could call their own identity. Rather, these are certain to the useful unsettling influence and the work that this has for the entire framework (Bor, 2015). Inside the connection of alleged reframing the u ndertaking is to reinterpret experience, activities, snags, errors or lacks in a way that permits them to be depicted as assets (qualities) and to be effectively utilized (Schultheiss, 2015). This includes setting them in an alternate connection (outline). The components of systemic treatment and advising fuse general comprehensive contemplations. The advisor (or mentor) perspectives concerns and circumstances connected with clash from distinctive relationship levels. Contingent upon the position, a few "right" answers may be found to the same inquiry. Here, the framework characterizes the position, the component and its connections to the different components (West, West Bubenzer, 2015). Systemic help and directing makes it feasible for those includes to identify side effects and their capacities and perceive new and formerly obscure viewpoints. It gains an understanding of the mentality of the other included members in the framework. It analyzes examples of correspondence and col laboration. It participates in proper intercession measures for change. It accepts the obligation regarding their own particular activities and develops the hypothesis holistically. There are various approaches to psychotherapy. The approach used on the patient depends on the problem faced by the patient. The style or personality of the Therapist has major influence on the method of psychotherapy used. There are psychologists who use one approach for treating the patients and there some psychologists who use more than one approach for patients treatment based on the need of the patient and the symptoms (Counselling-directory.org.uk, 2015). There is overlap amongst the various approaches theoretically although they are often considered to be distinct. The results are sometimes limited if the psychotherapist sticks to one approach. The psychodynamic approach focuses on analyzing the problem of the patient and identifies the symptoms of the problem. Attachment theories of psychotherapy have become popular recently. The researcher of Psychotherapy has developed this new approach. The approach has been based on neurobiological research. The problematic relationship styles can be understood by this approach (Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy, 2008). The issues in case of adult relationship can be predicted from the pattern of relationship of the parent with their children. The unconscious psychological problems can be healed by this approach. There will be development of the biological processes of the brain. This will help to develop higher capacity level of the individuals (Mikulincer and Shaver, 2015). The major difference of this approach with the systemic approach is that the systemic approach is that the problem of the patients is understood in a contextual framework. Like the attachment theory it tries to find the relationship between the various dynamics of the families and friends (Worden, 2015). But the systemi c theory is based on certain rules that exist in the system (Counselling-directory.org.uk, 2015). But the attachment theory is not based on any particular rule. In the psychoanalytic approach the thought processes which are mal-adaptive have to be altered with new enriching feelings. It helps to identify the ways in which the thought process is handled. The dysfunctional habits are changed (Rcpsych.ac.uk, 2015). This breaks the cycle of the dysfunctional habitual behaviors. The entire process changes the way of thinking of the patients and makes them optimistic towards life (www.dittoditto.com, 2015). This approach is different from the systemic theory as this approach does not identify the pattern of relationship of the patients with their family or friends. It is a changes the thought process of the individual (Corey, 2013). The interpersonal approach helps to identify the self defeating patterns in a relationship. They try to identify the grass root level of a particular problem. The particular context of a situation is identified by the individuals (Yeo, 2015). They are counseled so that they develop the healthier working habits. The main focus of this approach is to identify the root cause of problems in a relationship. On the other hand, systemic approaches address the problems in the contextual framework. The changes in the current dynamic of the relationships, relationship with the family members and work settings. The roles played by the people in their family are determined. The unspoken rules of the system are identified (Rennie, 2015). The interaction with the various members is investigated. The change in any part of the family system is the main route that gives rise changing symptoms and the various dynamics of change (Brown and Lent, 1992). The approach has been useful when one member of th e family is resistant to the therapy and the change. This will open up new avenues for innovation (Kriz, 2013). The core model that has been chosen is the psychoanalytic therapy. It has been compared and contrasted with the systemic therapy. The psychoanalytic therapy has come from the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. The psychoanalytic therapies are insight driven. It analyses the past events which has potential effect on the present events of the individual. The sessions provided in the therapy vary according to the course of the individual. On the other hand the systemic therapy is a family centered therapy in which the family members are closely related bring the change in the problems of the individuals. The interaction between each member of the family is observed which brings the change in the individual. The relationship among the individuals in the family can become strenuous as a result of difficulties and differences among the family members. In psychoanalysis the client will talk freely with the therapist. The therapists will advice in a non judgmental environment. According to the psychoanalytic therapy, it is believed that the unconscious feelings and the events of the childhood play an important role in the mental distress of the individual (J, 2015). The psychoanalytic therapy and the systemic therapy differ widely. But the similarity between the two therapies is that it involves a change of frame. The frame of the family therapy is the system whereas the frame of the analytical therapy is unconscious. Despite the two basic differences in approach, the two models of the therapy are reflective and directive form of therapies and each contains the elements of both. Psychoanalytic therapy has ambivalent relationship with the systemic family therapy. The family therapy known as the systemic therapy developed with the commitment to view the behavior of the individual in the terms of relationship with the family members and therapeutic leverage of interpersonal is used rather than intrapersonal process (Flaskas, 2005). In psychoanalysis the analyst tries to help the patient to discover and interpret the unconscious beliefs that interfere with the daily functioning of the individual. The belief of the individual creates symptoms which are painful like depression, anxiety or compulsion disorders. The patient is encouraged to talk freely to the therapist so that all the negative emotions can be eradicated and a new frame of mind can be developed. The main aim of psychoanalysis is to discover the unconscious process that is undergoing in the mind of the individual. However the other psychotherapies are quite different from psychoanalysis. But the family therapy understands the patient on the context of their relationship with the patient. In case of psychoanalysis the psychologist has to complete several years of coursework and has to undergo personal analysis of the patient. In case of family therapy, the social and family dynamics might influence the psychological difficulty of the individual (sagepu b.in, 2015). Apart from difference in the nature of treatment between the psychoanalytic treatment and the systemic therapy there is cultural difference between the two treatments. The systemic world is more openly confiding and it is less formal. The therapists use the life experience explicitly when they are working with the families. It is quite different from the approach of psychoanalysiss. The family therapist tend to indentify and act as challengers of the prevailing orthodox of class , power, gender and medical model that exist among the families and has adverse impact on the individuals. The cultural baggage of the therapist is acknowledged. The therapist adopts the psot modern ideas related to the relativity of discourses and the social construction of the identity via language. The systemic therapy is a collaborative style and addresses the use of own language by the family and acknowledge the limitations of the experience of the individuals with the family members. Unlike the systemic therapy the psychoanalytic therapy arose from the Freuds ideas. It is a combination of the extraordinarily provocative ideas such as infantile sexuality with the conventional lifestyle of the individual. It has no inhibitions in expressing his ideas. The most important paradox of the psychoanalytic theory is that it is based on Freuds work which at some areas and parameters unacceptable and unthinkable. It is sexually disinhibited and violent in nature. According to the psychoanalytic therapy, the individual experience underlie the cultural difference which includes experience of rejection , experience of being left out which can be done by the parents , friends. One of the major ideas of Sigmund Freud which is unacceptable is that there is existence of negative feelings in an individual to an extreme level which creates hatred in the individual, murderous hatred and envy. These negative feelings can be acknowledged safely with continuous session with the therapis t. The negative feelings about the individual can decrease. The negative feelings arise in the individuals as a result of the real life experiences. The systemic view is the symptom of presenting the problem that has been brought by the family or the couple. The solution of the problem is attempted by interaction with the family members. In this therapy the solution i.e. the symptom becomes the problem. The problem of the individual that lies within the family is often seen to be located in one individual within the family. It is a reflection of the interpersonal process which creates the problem. The systemic approach is non blaming and tends to bring a positive change in the individual. On the other hand the analytic approach identifies the symptoms via identifying the mental experiences of the patients that distress and therapists analyze the symbolic and unconscious meaning of the symptoms of the individual. Bertrando (2002) , contrasted the psychoanalytic and the systemic therapy and removed one of the concrete difference that exists between the two therapies (Flaskas and Pocock, 2009). According to him in the psychoanalytic al therapy the relationship of the individuals with the third parties end up being subsumed by transferential relationship in which the individuals become a part. In the systemic therapy the client is taken by the therapist in a metamorphic manner by the hand to the clients families. The systemic therapy is considered to be more open, politically correct and less elicit and flamboyant in nature.An assessment of the self help is given consequently 'let this stand as a heading from the experience of the most hopeless of all conditions on the planet, that we might dependably find in it something to solace ourselves from, and to set in the depiction of great and shrewd, on the credit side of the accept.' This is one of the examples of behavioral therapy that has been applied on an individual (Flaskas and Pocock, 2009). One example of the systemic therapy can be illustrated from the case of Amy P. The process of interview with the therapist shows how the interview with the therapist provided a wider overview of the problem of the therapist. Amy P had eating disorder. Amy would deliberately diet and lose weight. Amy was looked after by her mother as his father used to stay abroad due to business trips. The therapist invited the whole family of Amy to dinner to his place. The main reason behind the invitation was that the problem has to be discussed. The dilemma was addressed by the therapist by finding the root cause of the dilemma in relation with the people who are involved with the life of Amy P. This approach is different from the one to one psychodynamic relationship (Jenkins Asen, 1992). Systemic therapy involves family treatment is a treatment for negative feelings that joins approaches from other family helps to treat broken groups of youths. Techniques utilized as a part of treatment incorporate improving engagement with help, concentrating on correspondence and critical thinking aptitudes, and recognizing broken conduct designs. An exploratory assessment of the system found that for members in systemic conduct family help, the decrease of advisor appraised depressive side effects was slower than those in cognitive-behavioral treatment, furthermore the decline of reported toward oneself depressive manifestations was hardly slower than those in cognitive-behavioral help. Members in cognitive-behavioral treatment were additionally more probable than those in systemic conduct family help to have attained to abatement, and those in the cognitive-behavioral treatment condition accomplished reduction sooner than those in systemic conduct family treatment. There were no contrasts between the gatherings on sociality or utilitarian impairment. Psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment that concentrates on looking at the connections between aggression, sentiments and practices that has been developed as a result of certain experiences in childhood. By investigating examples of believing that prompt harming toward oneself activities and the convictions that control these considerations, individuals with emotional instability can adjust their examples of speculation to enhance adapting. CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that is not the same as customary psychodynamic psychotherapy in that the advisor and the patient will effectively cooperate to help the patient recoup from their dysfunctional behavior (Watzke et al., 2015). Individuals who look for CBT can anticipate that their specialist will be issue centered, and objective steered in tending to the testing side effects of emotional instabilities. Since CBT is a dynamic intercession, one can likewise hope to do homework or practice outside of sessions. An individual who i s discouraged may have the conviction, "I am useless," and an individual with frenzy issue may have the conviction, "I am in threat." While the individual in trouble likely accepts these to be extreme truths, with a specialist's help, the individual is swayed to test these nonsensical convictions. A piece of this methodology includes survey such antagonistic convictions as theories as opposed to realities and to test out such convictions by "running examinations." Furthermore, individuals who are taking part in CBT are swayed to screen and record the contemplations that pop into their brains (called "programmed musings"). This permits the patient and their advisor to hunt down examples in their reasoning that can make them have negative considerations which can prompt negative sentiments and self-damaging practices. References Achouri, C. (2015). Modern Systemic Leadership: A Holistic Approach for Managers, Coaches, and .... pp.1-50. Beckinstitute.org, (2015). Beck's Cognitive Therapy | Beck Institute. Bor, R. (2015). Counselling in Schools. pp.1-50. Brown, S. and Lent, R. (1992). Handbook of counseling psychology. New York: Wiley. Child Trends, (2013). Systemic Behavior Family Therapy. Corey, G. (2013). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Australia: Brooks/Cole / Cengage Learning. Coulter, S. (2010). Systemic Family Therapy for Families who have Experienced Trauma: A Randomised Controlled Trial. British Journal of Social Work, 41(3), pp.502-519. Counselling-directory.org.uk, (2015). Behavioural Therapy - Counselling Directory. Counselling-directory.org.uk, (2015). Family/Systemic Therapy - Counselling Directory. Counselling-directory.org.uk, (2015). Introduction to Attachment Theory. Counselling-directory.org.uk, (2015). What are They? Comparing and Contrasting Three of the Main Counselling Approaches. Flaskas, C. (2005).Psychoanalytic Ideas and Systemic Family Therapy: Revisiting the Question 'Why Bother?'. pp.125-134. Flaskas, C. and Pocock, D. (2009).Systems and psychoanalysis. London: Karnac. Hedges, F. (2015). Introduction to Systemic Therapy with Individuals: A Social Constructionist Approach. pp.1-100. J, H. (2015).Family and individual therapy: comparisons and contrasts. - PubMed - NCBI. Jenkins, H. and Asen, K. (1992). Family therapy without the family: a framework for systemic practice. J Family Therapy, 14(1), pp.1-14. Kriz, J. (2013). Person-Centred Approach and Systems Theory. 1st ed. pp.261-276. Mikulincer, M. and Shaver, P. (2015). Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change. pp.400-450. Rcpsych.ac.uk, (2015). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Rennie, D. (2015). Person-Centred Counselling: An Experiential Approach. pp.50-85. sagepub.in, (2015).THE HISTORY OF FAMILY THERAPY Conceptual and Clinical Influences. Schultheiss, D. (2015). A relational approach to career counselling : Theoretical Integration and Practical Implication. Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy, (2008). The Implications of Attachment Theory in Counseling and Psychotherapy Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy. Stanton, M. and Welsh, R. (2012). Systemic thinking in couple and family psychology research and practice. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1(1), pp.14-30. systemis.ch, (2015). Family Therapy and Systemic Practice. taeterinnen.org, (2008). Systemic Therapy. Trower, P., Jones, J., Dryden, W. and Casey, A. (2010). Cognitive Behavioural Counselling in Action. London: SAGE Publications. Watzke, B., Ru ddel, H., Jurgensen, R., Koch, U., Kriston, L., Grothgar, B. and Schulz, H. (2015). Effectiveness of systematic treatment selection for psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural therapy: randomised controlled trial in routine mental healthcare. West, D., West, M. and Bubenzer, D. (2015). Counselling Couples By. pp.19-55. Winek, J. (2010). Systemic family therapy. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. Woolfe, R. (2010). Handbook of counselling psychology. Los Angeles: SAGE. Worden, J. (2015). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy, Fourth Edition: A Handbook for the .... pp.10-50. www.dittoditto.com, C. (2015). What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy?. Yeo, A. (2015). Counselling: A Problem-solving Approach. pp.40-70.