CPR Training Surf Life Guarding

Question: Talk about theCPR Trainingfor Surf Life Guarding. Answer: Situation/Background: Surf Life Guarding is a famous association that gives preparing to the new lifeguards who expect to shield swimmers and surfers from likely risks while completing their recreational exercises at the ocean. Working here, as the CPR coach has been a difficult just as a satisfying activity that get ready new aficionados to be sufficiently proficient to spare lives through cardiopulmonary revival for casualties with breathed in water passage in lungs. Justification: Giving CPR preparing to the lifeguards are critical to show them how to spare existences of casualties who have heart failure because of inward breath of water in lungs. These would help sparing an enormous number of surfers or swimmers who lose their parity and in this way face genuine outcomes. Giving appropriate instruction of cardiopulmonary revival to the recently delegated lifeguards would assist them with being master in their field sparing existences of human in trouble (Adelborg et al., 2014). Utilization of Theories: While setting up a significant preparing program for right instruction and useful aptitudes for leading CPR by the beginner lifeguards, a successful preparing program must be arranged and actualized. This preparation program can have best outcomes if the programming and arranging is done dependent on three significant training models with the first being The Habermas Community Action. The coach can get the best outcomes if the understudies connect with themselves in an appropriate correspondence with the educator and creating right implications from them. This sort of approach of the mentors would help in creating information, self reflection and others among the understudies. This likewise causes the understudies to acquire their constraint of the limit with the goal that they can coordinate mindfulness giving activities that will assist them with transforming themselves accurately to effective lifeguards and execute their insight there. Another instructing model that a coach of CPR can apply is Kolbs test learning model where the mentor can make genuine like circumstances for reasonable encounters that would assist the understudies with developing fearlessness of dealing with crises a take the correct choices (Larson Marsh, 2014). Exploratory learning have been constantly found to have an exceptionally beneficial outcome on the vocation of the lifeguards as their picking up during the preparation have frequently helped them to act rapidly with right arrangements of activities. Creating both hypothetical and reasonable information in the four phases of increasing solid encounters, its intelligent perception, theoretical conceptualization and dynamic experimentation would be the most appropriate model found for the preparation of CPR programs for lifeguards (Baker Insurance, 2014). The mentor can likewise execute reflection based preparing programs that will likewise assist the understudies with gaining a ton of experiences into the universe of sparing lives with the assistance of right strategy of CPR. The mentor can use this hypothesis or the encounters in appropriately mirroring her own encounters as a lifeguard looked by her partners or ex understudies and can refer to them as guides to her understudies to depict the best possible ways and the issues confronted and how to beat those difficulties (Wilkens Brons, 2014). This is regularly observed to build up the learning encounters among understudies with abilities that solitary hypothetical information can't give. This sort of educating additionally makes the learning systems fascinating for an understudy. Duty Matrix: So as to design a preparation program, a definite arranging is important to complete the preparation program of CPR for lifeguards so that there emerges no any disarray among the understudies and enough assets are accessible for smooth conductance of the class. Out of all the 5 significant individuals apportioned to encourage the preparation program each individual needs to play out their appointed assignment tirelessly. Out of them, the first ought to talk about out the whole wanting to everything about individuals and would for the most part be the checking lead of the gathering. The subsequent one would mostly play out the examination part required for effective preparing purposes. The third part would set out successful learning expectations and yield with the best learning results. The fourth part ought to be the mentor who might be available to show them the different methods required to be learned by them for appropriate use of the strategies (Moran Webber, 2012). The fifth pa rt would be associated with the administration part like fixing the dates, scenes, timetable of the classes and comparable different goals. In the event that all the individuals play out their activity well the preparation program would be fruitful in this way helping the students by and large. Plan of Training Curriculum: Pre-Training Information/Training Logistics: Prior to leading the instructional courses, a coach ought to have imperative measure of information about the specific necessities that the understudy needs to direct CPR to casualties. The participants ought to be certain about the calling that they have picked and along these lines ought to devote their lives to spare the lives of surfers and swimmers. So they must be certain on themselves before learning CPR. The students should initially be taken a smaller than normal appraisal or test or verbal conversation to assess their thought that they have about their calling. Their reaction in the test would assist the coach with understanding and plan her instructing procedure relying on the necessity that they have to meet the standards of lifeguards (Rasmussen, 2015). Individualistic conversation in the classes would help the specific student as well as be profited by them. In the wake of knowing the different questions and regions of shortcomings of the understudies, the educator shou ld then continue with her arranged methodology (Spies, Delport Roux, 2015). Objectives of the Training Curriculum: The learning objectives ought to be that the Learners can accomplish an away from of how to direct the significant strides of cardiopulmonary revival when the casualties have breathed in a great deal of water in their lungs bringing about heart failure. All the means ought to be adapted appropriately in any case ill-advised application may bring about breaking of bones and numerous other related negative perspectives (Ramos et al., 2015). Another significant objective of the preparation program is to cause the lifeguards to understand the conditions just as the circumstances when the casualties are in harm's way and to deal with the patients accurately in appropriate arrangements and other important stances that requires to be kept up (Lofgreen et al., 2012). The preparation program consequently ought worry upon the right advances execution as well as on perceiving the force of the circumstance and the mental fortitude and certainty that ought to be kept up by the understudies to play out the undertakings. Learning Objectives and Outcomes: First goal: Learners ought to get familiar with the best possible strides to lead CPR Explicit: Proper figuring out how to complete the means of CPR. Quantifiable: complete useful classes with expanding recurrence of use of information so the information picked up is adequate. Reachable: Evaluation of every single step of CPR through careful fixation Sensible: The learning target would be reflected in the acts of sparing lives from suffocating Timebound: to finish the means of CPR before arriving at the basic circumstance by the person in question. Second target: Learners should attempt to comprehend and assess the right position, way and the time in which the CPR must be actualized. Explicit: fixations on dealing with position, way just as time which is basic in choosing the achievement of CPR Quantifiable: Correct perceptions of the students doing viable meetings in right manners and ideal way Feasible: Concentration in look after position, time and way of taking care of the patient should be accomplished.: Sensible: This can be led and tried to assess their improvement in aptitudes Timebound: finishing of the angles in opportune way (Kalz et al., 2013). Three results: The students would gain proficiency with the significant advances and lead them progressively. The students ought to have the option to assess the significance of the crisis circumstances and convey their exercises as needs be. The students ought to get familiar with the right planning, term, pose, pressure application and different suspects while leading the CPR. Substance of Training Programs: The preparation projects ought to contain the accompanying substance Give physiological information behind heart failure and passage of water into the lungs upsetting appropriate gracefully of oxygen by blood. How top notch CPR can build the odds of endurance of the person in question. Clarification of the ideas of the chain of Survival. Right acknowledgment when a casualty needs the CPR Perform top notch bound CPR Appropriate giving of viable breaths utilizing mouth to mouth and even the utilization of covers for all age associates of populaces (Mabile, 2015). Performing excellent CPR separately for grown-ups, youngsters and furthermore newborn children. Acknowledgment of the circumstance going to crisis and prerequisite of wellbeing expert and others. When the students gets to know the substance of the course, he can wind up remaining in a profiting position with the information on all the significant advances and exercises that would help in balancing out the patients with CPR that would expand the odds of endurance of the surfers. Clarification about the companions, right time of acknowledgment, taking care of casualties and others would consequently make them effective lifeguards. Schedule: Day Time Spot Action Day 1 9 a.m 6 p.m with three half hour breaks Liona Auditorium and science practice focus Physiological foundation of CPR preparing Show of the bit by bit strategy of CPR alongside address Day 2 9 a.m 12 p.m with two half hour breaks Sun Life Gu

Depression Essay -- essays research papers

One of the most widely recognized mental issue on the planet today influencing up to 340 million individuals overall is sorrow. Envision the whole understudy group of Upper Darby High School tainted with precisely the same ailment. Sorrow is a typical however complex issue differently influencing an assortment of individuals with a huge number of side effects. The turmoil might be brought into influence because of countless causes. What should be possible? There are various habits in which to treat this issue spreading over from drug to advising to help gatherings. In spite of the fact that downturn is one of the most treatable psychological maladjustments on the planet, just around one portion of all instances of sorrow are analyzed and effectively treated. Â Â Â Â Â The most basic side effects of gloom incorporate low confidence, loss of vitality, or absence of enthusiasm for exercises recently experienced as pleasurable. Dozing issues have likewise been related with wretchedness. An investigation shows generally 80% of sick people experience a sleeping disorder (depression.com 1). Potential issues may include: trouble in nodding off, awakening in the night with trouble coming back to rest, getting up too soon in the first part of the day, brief times of REM rest, curiously significant stretches of stage 1 (light) rest, or strangely short times of stage 3 and 4 ( profound, helpful) rest (depression.com 1). Weight and despondency are likewise normally connected with one another. Numerous individuals start loosing enthusiasm for eating which brings about weight reduction. Others may encounter the contrary impact and put on weight by gorging. Different upper drugs are known to have various effects on craving and weight (depression.co m 3). Self-destructive considerations are likewise a progressively regular indication of discouragement. A great many people don't end it all due to expanded self-destructive musings. The danger of doing so basically expands their self-destructive inclination. Â Â Â Â Â The reasons for gloom stay muddled and differ from individual to individual. Hereditary components of gloom have become a developing enthusiasm among researcher. The most likely clarification of this issue is a compound lopsidedness in the human mind. Proof proposes that downturn is brought about by an insufficiency in noradrenaline and serotonin synapses (gloom net.com 2). Studies have indicated that individuals with family members who have gloom increase a one out of four ... ... electroconvulsive treatment. This is held for just the most cut off instances of despondency wherein a patient has not reacted to drug or for reasons unknown can't take antidepressants. ECT is one of the best medications for gloom. Throughout the years, it has progressed to turn into a more secure method (discouragement net.com 5). The World Health Organization predicts that downturn will be the best weight of sick wellbeing to the creating scene continuously 2020. It is anticipated to be the second biggest reason for death and incapacity (despondency net 1). Will the new thousand years generate another variety of rude, sedate inebriated, discouraged people? Melancholy is the most widely recognized mental issue on the planet today, but then there are as yet numerous parts of this ailment that we don't think about. The specific reason for despondency stays unsure without a fix. There is no exact test that can be given to decide climate or not an individual has sadness. There is a sure absence of comprehension and information among society. It is strange for an individual to submit self incurred hurt proposed after closure their own lives. There is help for those discouraged people.

Trashion 2014

Trashion 2014 When people ask me what I do, the easy answer is that Im an admissions officer. If they ask me what an admissions officer actually does, though, it can be a harder question to answer. Our profession requires no special tools beyond reading, writing, and making decisions, i.e. basic literacy and cognition. Fundamentally, a good admissions officer is not defined by their mastery of rare tools, but by their mastery of common tools. Yet since rarity of skill and rarity of tools are so often and easily conflated, its hard to translate our professional skills to make them legible to a lay audience. I dont operate heavy machinery or conduct biological tests or throw a ball really fast. I just make decisions about stuff. This is why, if and when people ask me precisely what it is that I do, I sometimes say that I judge people for a living. While I had no formal background or training in judging people, I have been judging people for some time now, and it is the task for which I am paid; I am basically a professional Mean Girl, and I have come to be at peace with that. I have been able to transfer my experience judging people in admissions to judging people in other contexts, including LMCs Battle of the Bands, the Blueprint Hackathon, and, last Friday night, Trashion 2014. Trashion is an event where MIT students design and model unconventional outfits to raise awareness about environmental sustainability. Founded in Next House in 2011, Trashion is now produced by the MIT Undergraduate Association Committee on Sustainability. A few weeks ago, I received an email from Yanisa T. 18, who asked me to join a judging panel featuring Peter Dourmashkin, a beloved physics instructor, and Shubhra, a local eco-friendly fashion designer. It was hosted at the MIT Museum, catered (with zero waste, of course) by several restaurant sponsors, and featured several MIT student performers and speakers. There were ~25 student pieces modeled at the show. After all the pieces were modeled, Peter, Shubhra, and I convened to allocate six awards: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place, as well as awards for Most Avante-Garde, Most Sustainable, and Best Craftsmanship. I figured I would feature the outfits, designers, and models who won awards in this post. If you want to see more, Chris Welch, a graduate student and photographer, has posted hundreds of photos from the entire event  (and you should go click that, since I had to compress these so much for the blogs).  Im also using his photos (and some by Landon Carter) for the award-winners below, along with text from the Trashion program. 1st Place: Alissa B. 16 Alissa is a junior studying Chemical-Biological Engineering. Her main source of inspiration comes from the highly dependent but tenuous relationship between man and nature. She weaved together man-made forms of organic materials to represent this connection and the possible consequences for our species as we continue to exploit our environment. Modeled by Kara P. 16.   2nd Place: Kristen W. 16 Course 4 Architecture student at MIT. The design for my first piece A[R]MOUR, modeled by Divya S. 17, is inspired by the armor of ancient China, and incites discussion on China as a growing industrial powerhouse that mass manufactures products such as cheap jewelry, and the true value of these products when recreated as art. All the components of the piece are made from unwanted jewelry collected across campus. My second piece ZENSATION, modeled by Bria W. 16, is a project that explores the modern fad in personal meditation in a futuristic scenario when people seek peace by creating their personal little world of zen. 3rd Place: Josefin B. 16 Coming from Sweden, Josefin grew up in a very sustinability-oriented environment, which eventually led her to choose Environmental Engineering as her major. She cares a lot about recycling and reusing, which is reflected in her design. Modeled by Veronica T. 16 Most Avant-Garde: Tara L. 17 and Rachel W. 16 We are floormates on Maseeh 1 who wanted to create a dress with circular shapes and unconventional objects like ping pong balls and cups.  We hope you enjoy it! Modeled by Alexandra S. 17. Most Sustainable: Emily T., G. Emily is a doctoral candidate in Course 2. These designs makeuse of Emilys recently accumulated waste. Emily is wearing leftover medical supplies. Maggie is wearing packing peanuts. Best Craftsmanship: Mikael K. 18 Mikael was born and raised in Los Angeles, and has been designing fashion for eight years. This look is a romantic fusion of the late Alexander McQueens Fall 2009 and Spring 2013 shows, and Lady Gagas living art. Here I present a powerful woman to be feared and loved. Halfway between fantasy and reality, we could belong together. Modeled by Ellena P. 17.   I was super impressed by Trashion! Judging was difficult, but rewarding, especially given excited all the winners were afterward. It was also fun spending time with the students who helped put it all together. Perhaps even a bit too fun: when our MC Ayomide F. 18 introduced me on stage, and we realized we knew each other from the blogs and Facebook group, we high-fived so hard that my glasses flew right off my face. Thanks to Helen N. 17, Hannah C. 17, Amber G. 18, Jenny L. 18, Kathy C. 18, Kelly W. 15, Margaret T. 18, Maggie P. 18, Mary T. 18, Candice F., Yanisa T. 18, Ayomide F. 18, and everyone else who helped make Trashion possible!

Leadership in Crisis Essay - 1146 Words

Leadership in Crisis: Ernest Shackleton and the Epic Voyage of the Endurance 1. In what context should the Endurance expedition be analyzed? As a scientific endeavor? An entrepreneurial venture? An exercise in imperial opportunity? By what criteria should the expedition be evaluated? Given your answer to the preceding question, was it a success or a failure? I believe that this expedition should be analyzed as an entrepreneurial venture because the South Pole had already been found so there were no more continents for Shackleton to conquer. He would not be a hero in this venture because Robert Falcon Scott had already been there and died a hero. Shackleton had to find his own resources for this adventure as most entrepreneurs†¦show more content†¦Was Shackleton an entrepreneur? I believe Shackleton definitely was an entrepreneur in this expedition. Shackleton had to pursue opportunity and he did with the few resources that he had. Entrepreneurs are made, not born, and entrepreneurship is a way of managing, not necessarily a way of being as a person. Any of us can be an entrepreneur. Shackleton showed great skill as a manager and entrepreneur in this situation. He was able to motivate and keep his â€Å"company† together through very hard times. Shackleton was able to revise and reset his objectives as the venture changed many times as well. This was not a good time to explore the South Pole because England was at war and this expedition had been done before. Not many people were behind Shackleton at the time of his grand plan to walk across the South Pole. He was considered to be out of touch with his crazy idea. Shackleton was a huge risk taker that many other entrepreneurs have been in history. He was also proved he was such a great leader that 8 o f the men who were on the voyage, signed up to join him on his next trip to Antarctica. 3. What parallels do you see between Shackleton and other entrepreneurs or leaders whom you have studied? What were Shackleton’s strengths and weaknesses? The parallels I see to other great leaders and entrepreneurs are: the willingness to neverShow MoreRelatedLeadership in Crisis Situation1566 Words   |  7 Pagesdamages that are still being accounted more than 2 years later. During the crisis, many differing accounts of leadership emerged – US Gov’t, BP Execs, and the JIC provide 3 contrasting portrayals of leadership in crisis situation that illustrate the importance and impacts of preparation, perception, communication, and courage. The US gov’t demonstrated a mixed-bag of leadership attributes and failings amidst the crisis, highlighted on one hand by its quick decisive action and its desire to learnRead MoreTyco International: Leadership Crisis1629 Words   |  7 PagesTyco International: Leadership Crisis Case Study #14 Ethical Decision Making LDR Case Study Prepared by: Tyco International: Leadership Crisis Tyco International, one of the most notorious scandals of this decade. Tyco International is a diversified manufacturer that had a big ambition in the late 1990s: to become the next General Electric. The company provides security products and services, fire protection and detection products and services, valves and controls, and other industrialRead MoreLeadership Style and Crisis Management1175 Words   |  5 PagesHart., A. McConell and T. Preston. (2010). Leadership style, crisis response and blame management: The case of hurricane Katrina. The Journal of Public Administration, 88(3), 706-725 In this paper I have summarized the article and offer comments on where additional research would assist in further understanding of the issue. The authors of this article used retrospective review which uses existing data and researches. Leadership style and crisis management have always been the main topicsRead MoreThe Coming Crisis in Education Leadership615 Words   |  2 PagesThe Coming Crisis in Education Leadership The retirement of the Baby Boomer generation is creating issues in many industries and the world of higher education is no exception. 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Over 4,000 churches are closing t heir doors each year in the United StatesRead MoreTyco International: Leadership Crisis1971 Words   |  8 PagesTyco International: Leadership Crisis Case Study Paper Group Project Abstract In 2002, Tyco International became the center of attention in a fraudulent scandal. CEO Leo Dennis Kozlowki, and CFO Mark Swartz, among other members of the board of directors in Tyco International, were found at fault for the misuse of company funds. The internal investigation and federal finding revealed that Tyco’s money was use for personal forgiveness loans, bribes paid in form of bonus for business dealsRead MoreTyco International: Leadership Crisis2216 Words   |  9 PagesTyco International: Leadership Crisis 1.) Being in a high ranking position doesn’t mean one can take advantage of its power. The executive officers of Tyco faced numerous charges because they abused their power over the company and used it for their own benefit. The company’s board of directors should have manage and prevented this kind of situations most specially their role is to protect the firm’s shareholders from inappropriate or unethical situations. As a result, they faced consequencesRead MoreA Leader s Leadership After A Crisis Essay780 Words   |  4 Pagesvideo, says that crisis defines the character of the leader. A leader will need to be wise, affirming, seek historical parallels, shield his subordinates, and lead by example. Dees (2014) said leadership during a crisis is the result of preparation; a person does not become a leader by accident. Three Concepts The three important concepts from this week’s reading are leadership before a crisis, leadership during a crisis, and leadership after a crisis. Leadership Before a Crisis. According to DeesRead MoreMuslim Nations and Their Crisis of Leadership Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesMuslim Nations and Their Crisis of Leadership Muslim nations face a crisis of leadership, which affects both them and their relationship with other countries. In Muslim society the leader embodies both political and moral authority. Yet even the best-known thinkers who comment on Islam, like Professor Samuel Huntington and Francis Fukuyama, have failed to identify the importance of Muslim leadership. On the surface there is a bewildering range of leadership: kings, military dictators, mullahsRead MoreCrisis Management- a Strategic Leadership Approach3992 Words   |  16 PagesCrisis management - a strategic leadership approach Introduction The past decade has been wrought with crises on both a domestic and international scale. It has been marked by a glut of organizational crises including natural disasters, technology disruption, and acts of terrorism, scandals, and financial mismanagement. Yet, many leaders are ill-prepared for the important role they may need to play in leading an organization through a crisis. At the beginning of the decade people all over

Theme Of Heroism In Beowulf - 748 Words

In society, dwelling upon material goods usually connotes shallowness, and the pursuit of riches is often prefigured as an inclination towards greediness. However, in Beowulf, the collective reverence for wealth plays a defining role in the acts of heroism and manifestation of power. In fact, the poem oftentimes professes the idea of wealth and glory, most cherished, as an embodiment of strength and obedience among cultural values. Throughout the poem, Beowulf, is characterized by his acts of heroism in the Anglo-Saxon society. He not only possesses the values of strength and bravery, but as well exhibits the theme of the â€Å"Germanic-Code† which include loyalty, chivalry, and self-respect. But it seems that his values of heroism leans†¦show more content†¦The deeper meaning of this quote signifies that Beowulf’s fame and glory through the representation of his â€Å"wealth† has continued on into the so-called â€Å"afterlife†. As the wealth con tinues on with him to his grave, Beowulf’s heroic deeds will live on as his story is passed on in time. Ultimately, the essence of riches and praise is displayed through the values of self-sacrifice and honor which is seen as a definitive goal throughout the Anglo-Saxon culture. Throughout the epic poem, the possession of wealth and treasure represents a reputation of honor, status, and skill, but were also used to solidify bonds and ensure loyalty. Every king along the lineage of royalty had a duty to spread his riches, a responsibility indicated by the frequent use of â€Å"ring-givers† that would even provide, â€Å"far-fetched treasures†¦ and precious gear† (36-37). Wealth, a vastly important role in Beowulf, enables the king to manifest his generosity upon society. This act was not only a practice, but also a representation of honor as it was a way to exhibit benevolence to others as well as rewarding their loyal followers. An example would be during t he time Beowulf saves the hall of Hereot from the terror and destruction of Grendel. As a result of Beowulf’s heroic acts, Hrothgar showers treasure on him and his men in order to show his thankfulness and goodness. The poet asserts how this giving of gifts signifies the manifestation of Hrothgar’s honor as king.Show MoreRelatedTheme Of Heroism In Beowulf1139 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Beowulf† is the oldest surviving poem in Old English Literature. It is an epic poem, which is a narrative poem typically revolving around heroism. The poem emphasizes repetitively on how Beowulf is a hero. He saves countless people from countless monsters, three of which are the main antagonists in the poem – a demon, the demon’s mother, and a dragon. But is saving innocent lives the only factor to justify and determine a person’s heroism? Throughout the story of Beowulf, the author makes appealsRead MoreTheme Of Heroism In Beowulf740 Words   |  3 PagesTh e theme of Beowulf is heroism. Beowulf himself represents the heroic ideal because of his features, strength, and courage, but also because of his intelligence and honor. Beowulf is proud of his strength and great his honor. When Beowulf goes to Heorot, waiting for Grendel, he refuses to keep a weapon. He believes in himself that he can defeat the monster who has devoured many men without using any weapons. It turns out that Beowulfs intelligent approach was right. Glory is also one of the themesRead MoreTheme Of Heroism In Beowulf1147 Words   |  5 Pagessufficient health and constant upkeep on personal hygiene wasn’t a main concern for these people. The heroic poem â€Å"Beowulf† illustrates the theme of the roles of men and heroism during the Anglo-Saxon period. The translated poem by Seamus Heaney â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† demonstrates how religious concerns are translated variously by different religious outlooks. Heaney demonstrates these themes espec ially when Christ was left for everyone to see on the cross, because people of different religions can seeRead MoreTheme Of Heroism In Beowulf1544 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf demonstrates the qualities and traits of being an ideal hero. In the poem it explores Beowulf ‘s heroism in two distinct stages which are youth and age. Beowulf has three separate and very difficult conflicts that involve Grendel, Grendel’s mother and the dragon. When you are viewing these major encounters with the three different people Beowulf demonstrates the importance of heroic code. There is a much clearer division between Beowulf’s adolescent heroism as a warrior as well as in onesRead MoreHeroism Main Theme in Beowulf3076 Words   |  13 PagesThe main theme of Beowulf is heroism. This involves far more than physical courage. It also means that the warrior must fulfill his obligations to the group of which he is a key member. There is a clear-cut network of social duties depict ed in the poem. The king has an obligation to behave with generosity. He must reward his thanes with valuable gifts for their defense of the tribe and their success in battle. This is why King Hrothgar is known as the â€Å"ring-giver.† He behaves according toRead MoreHeroism as the Main Theme of Beowulf Essay2557 Words   |  11 PagesHeroism as the Main Theme of Beowulf The main theme of Beowulf is heroism. This involves far more than physical courage. It also means that the warrior must fulfil his obligations to the group of which he is a key member. There is a clear-cut network of social duties depicted in the poem. The king has an obligation to behave with generosity. He must reward his thanes with valuable gifts for their defense of the tribe and their success in battle. This is why King HrothgarRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare935 Words   |  4 PagesWhat comes in your mind when you hear the word Heroism. Does a knight in shining armor pops up in your mind or maybe a firefighter who s willing to put down his life for the good of others , well Beowulf was both. In the novel Beowulf , to me, the main theme of the entire story is heroism. Beowulf is your knight in shining armor or your fire fighter who goes into a living hell to save a kitten. Heroism is scattered all over this epic poem. Sure paganism and christianity are in it as well as goodRead MoreAn Assortment Of Heroism : Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1171 Words   |  5 PagesProject An Assortment of Heroism Theme is essential to any great work of literature, and while the following are certainly very different tales, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Beowulf and The Dream of the Rood each have particularly strong themes of heroism, though, they each have their own distinct idea of what heroism is, their own flavor one might say. It is partly because of their strong themes and ideas that they are still well-known and read today. A story without a theme or real purpose hasRead MoreBeowulf Is The Longest Epic Poem1316 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf is the longest epic poem written in Old English. The story centers around the exploits of Beowulf, a heroic warrior known for his strength and bravery. The theme of heroism is prevalent throughout the poem through the use of conflict between good and evil forces. Beowulf is often engaged in selfless conquests in the pursuit of saving others, resulting in his emergence as the hero of the story. The text, while focusing on the main theme of heroism , is divided into two main parts, Beowulf asRead MoreThe Themes Of Heroism In The Wander By Anglo-Saxon830 Words   |  4 PagesTo start of I selected Beowulf by Anglo-Saxon, the second text I chose was The Wander by Anglo-Saxon. The theme of Beowulf is heroism. Beowulf himself represents the heroic ideal because of his features, strength, and courage, but also because of his intelligence and honor. Beowulf is proud of his strength and great his honor. When Beowulf goes to Heorot, waiting for Grendel, he refuses to keep a weapon. He believes in himself that he can defeat the monster who has devoured many men without using

The Labor Orgnizations Free Essays

I intend to explain in great detail the major issues relative to the unionization process, the act, which governs, and the independent agency, which polices it. I will also show what organizations do to make it difficult to implement the process relative to unfair practices. The NLRA (National Labor Relations Act) was enacted by Congress in 1935. We will write a custom essay sample on The Labor Orgnizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has the power to regulate interstate commerce and to govern the employer/employee bargaining and union relationship on a national level. The NLRA was amended by the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act in 1947 and the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure (Landrum-Griffen) Act in 1959. Most employers and employees involved in businesses that affect interstate commerce in any way are regulated by the act. The NLRA gives employees the right to determine for themselves whether they wish to be represented by a union. If the majority of the employees in an appropriate bargaining unit indicate that they support a union a certification of representative is issued. Generally, this designation or †showing of interest† contains a statement that the employees want to be represented for collective bargaining purposes by a specific labor organization. The showing of interest must be signed by each employee and each employee’s signature must be dated. These elections are conducted under laboratory conditions to ensure that the election represents the free choice of the employees. Violation of the laboratory conditions, or of the 24-hour silent period rules may result in the NLRB invalidating the election results. The twenty-four-hour silent period is intended to give the employees time to reflect upon their choice free from electioneering pressures. The NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) is an independent federal agency established to enforce the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). As an independent agency, they are not part of any other government agency such as the Department of Labor. Congress has empowered the NLRB to conduct secret-ballot elections so employees may exercise a free choice whether a union should represent them for bargaining purposes. A secret-ballot election will be conducted only when a petition requesting an election is filed. Although representation elections conducted by the NLRB are the most common means through which unions acquire representation rights, an employer may also voluntarily recognize a union as bargaining representative for a group of employees when the union demonstrates majority support. This can happen provided that the employer has no reasonable doubt of the employees’ preference and that recognition is not granted for the purpose of assisting one particular union at the expense of another seeking to represent the same employees. A bargaining unit is 4a group of two or more employees who share a †community of interest† and may reasonably be grouped together for collective bargaining purposes. The NLRB is responsible for ensuring that any election in a representation case is conducted in an appropriate unit. A unit is usually described by the type of work done or jobs classification of employees for example, production and maintenance employees or truckdrivers. In some cases, the number of facilities to be included in a bargaining unit is at issue, and the number of locations to be involved may describe a unit. For example, in the retail industry, the NLRB may need to determine whether employees at a single store or whether a bargaining unit consisting of several stores is appropriate. Generally, the appropriateness of a bargaining unit is determined on the basis of the community of interest of the employees involved. Union or employees may file a petition for a decertification election. This petition, which can be filed by anyone seeking an election to determine whether the authority of a union to act as a bargaining representative of employees should continue. The signatures of 30 percent or more of the employees in the bargaining unit represented must support it. These signatures may be on separate cards or on a single piece of paper. Generally, this showing of interest contains a statement that the employees do not wish to be represented for collective-bargaining purposes by the existing labor organization. Each employee must sign the showing of interest and each employee’s signature must be dated. When a petition is filed, the NLRB will determine whether the contract bar rule precludes holding an election. If it doesn’t the NLRB must then determine an appropriate bargaining unit. The contract bar rule is a written labor contract, which bars an election during the life of the bargaining agreement. Unions may also acquire representation rights through unfair labor practice proceedings. The NLRB may issue a bargaining order when the effect of unfair labor practices by employers prevents a fair election from being held. The unionization process is not always welcome by employers and sometimes-illegal activity will go on to make it difficult to implement the process. Section 8 of the NLRA outlines specific behavior, which is unacceptable for employers. Cornell and Harvard Universities did research on employer coercion, harassment and firings, due to union campaigns, these findings were:  § One in four employers fires workers who are active in union campaigns-in all, it’s estimated that at least 10,000 workers are fired each year for exercising the freedom to join a union.  § Ninety-one percent of employers, when faced with employees who want to join together in a union force employees to attend closed-door meetings to hear anti-union propaganda. 80 percent require immediate supervisors to attend training sessions on how to attack unions; and 79 percent have supervisors deliver anti-union messages to workers they oversee.  § Eighty percent hire outside consultants to run anti-union campaigns, often based on mass psychology and distorting the law.  § Half of employers threaten to shut down if employees join together in a union. Martin Jay Levitt, who had been among the fiercest hired guns brought in to fight organizing campaigns, said there were more than 7,000 attorneys and consultants who made their living busting unions. All told, the union busting industry had grown more than a billion dollars a year. Levitt, who planned and ran more than 250 union-busting campaigns across the country before renouncing the profession, described in detail the manipulation, dirty-tricks, abuse of the law and disregard for lives that are all part of a corporate campaign against a union drive. â€Å"Some corporate executives I encountered liked to think of their anti-union consultants as generals. But really the consultants are terrorists. Like political terrorists, the consultants’ attacks are intensely personal,† he wrote. â€Å"Terrorists do not make factories and air strips their victims; they choose instead crippled old men and school children. Likewise, as the consultants go about the business of destroying unions, they invade people’s lives, demolish their friendships, crush their will and shatter their families.† Levitt’s standard operating procedures not only included investigating police records, personnel files, medical records and the family lives of union proponents to find a way to discredit them, but in the absence of any good ammunition he would simply concoct something to do the job. â€Å"To fell the sturdiest union supporters in the 1970s, I frequently launched rumors that the target worker was gay or was cheating on his wife,† he wrote. â€Å"It was a very effective technique, particularly in blue-collar towns.† Sharon Fisher’s voice quivers when she talks about it. Ed Platt gets angry still. Ron Heller was shocked when the police looked the other way. Debbie Shallenburger says it’s un-American, what happened to the hard-working citizens of her community. It’s been a year since UAW members recessed their 17-month strike at Caterpillar plants in three states. But in and around East Peoria, Illinois, home of Caterpillar’s corporate offices, Local 974 members and spouses still talk about the gang of thugs who brought terror to their quiet communities. They would cruise up and down the streets of Peoria, East Peoria, and suburbs like Washington, Pekin, and Metamora, often parking in front of the homes of UAW members. They would videotape family members in front of their own homes, at restaurants and stores, while they were driving. They learned the names of children, and called to them by their first names. They even left a flashlight inside the locked car of one worker’s daughter, just to show that they had been there. It was all part of a huge intimidation campaign, and it got even rougher on the picket line where gang members assaulted women, provoked men to fight back, and used videotape to get workers fired. When they went to the local police for help, they were treated like criminals. Later they learned that the state police were against them, too. Who are these goons who roamed the streets of working class neighborhoods, protected by the law while terrorizing decent, law-abiding people? They’re employees of Vance International–the same gang of thugs hired to clamp down on coal miners in West Virginia, schoolteachers in Cleveland, aerospace workers in St. Louis, and, today, newspaper workers in Detroit. When spying and provocation aren’t enough, Vance’s APT goons resort to violence like the assault that has left Detroit newspaper striker Vito Sciuto permanently scarred and still suffering violent seizures more than a year after brain surgery. Sciuto, a mailer, was smashed in the skull with a heavy piece of wood when 20 APT thugs formed a tight V-shaped wedge and marched out of a distribution center gate into a circle of peaceful pickets. The goal that night, a Vance employee told a reporter, was â€Å"to hurt people.† Detroit police watched the Vance riot, but no arrests were made. I feel once again that I have thoroughly covered the questions given. I put quite a bit of time into researching each part of the question. I was appalled at a lot of the information that I read, especially at Caterpillar and in Detroit. The examples I chose were the best out of many, which I had found. I really got into this essay and I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I did writing it. (Seriously) How to cite The Labor Orgnizations, Papers

Enquiry Concerning Political Justice System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Enquiry Concerning Political Justice System. Answer: Introduction: Happiness Principle gives focus on the action's that should be corrected so that the happiness can be promoted and if wrong actions are produced then it can give reverse of happiness. Utilitarianism states that the good actions give a great amount of happiness for the greatest number. It gives focus on increasing the happiness, of the majority of people. The concept is applied at the time of passing the government policies in the form of majority vote. It also gives an evaluation of the actions that are based on the consequences. Happiness is a feeling that gives joy and also encourages to perform in an effective manner (Veenhoven, 2015). Utilitarianism gives emphasis on the outcome of the actions and not on the intentions behind them. The actions are evaluated by considering the quality of the utility that is offered to the general public. If the majority of people give preference then it is evaluated that high quality and variety is offered that gives maximum level of satisfaction. Utilitarianism considers that the right actions are those actions that enhance the pleasure and reduces the pain. Happiness makes the environment positive and also it helps the individual to perform their actions in a proper manner (Murray, 2013). It is evaluated that utilitarianism is taken from the principle of happiness. It states that actions are moral when the emphasis is given on the utility and the actions are immoral when the support is given to opposite. The utility is considered as the lack of pain. When a person perceives moral then the actions are focused towards the promotion of utility of the general public. It is also related to the principle of happiness. A moral action is considered when it minimizes the pain and enhances the growing utility (Godwin, 2015). Utilitarianism considers that if the actions are right then the pleasure can be attained and if the actions are wrong then it will give rise to pain. It also considers that sacrificing one man to save thousands of people can be good because it enhances the happiness globally. So by this, it is stated that right actions enhance happiness. Personal relationships are not taken into consideration by the Utilitarianism. According to the concept, it is the duty to assist people without giving focus on the consequences (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). For example, the charity should be given so that the pleasure can be enhanced and pain can be reduced. There are various acts that are not according to utilitarianism, like thinking for yourself, beating up the wife because it gives pleasure to men. So this act is not right and good for utilitarianism (Hughes, 2014). Utilitarianism is considered as an idea through which the moral values are determined by the contribution made to enhance the happiness of the people. In this, the main focus is on enhancing the happiness of a large number of people. It is stated that the moral should be used as a guide so that the correct decisions can be taken. According to the concept, it is evaluated that if the person lies, then it is not right. So if the person lies and it maximizes the happiness of the other person, then it can be stated as right. The theory also gives focus on the type of action rather than the consequences of that action. It is believed that the moral decisions should be created by considering the right and duty of the person (Gainer, 2013). Human resource management is an important aspect of every organization. To conduct the operations smoothly it is essential to take into consideration human resource management. With the rapid change in the organization, it is important to enhance the approach of managing people. It is essential for large as well as for the small organization. In a small company, the process of human resource management is simple as the manager has sufficient time to analyze the employees who are working in the organization. In the large companies, the responsibility is of the whole department to conduct the activities that develop the employees of the organization (Beardwell and Thompson, 2014). The quality of the staff members can be enhanced, if the needs are satisfied in an effective manner. By investing time in the employees and also by satisfying the needs the company can attain profitability for the long term. Strategic human resource management gives focus on human resource plans that have long-term goals. The main objective is to increase the efficiency of the employees by giving focus, on the business obstacles that take place externally in the management of human resources. HRM is an effective approach that is related to management of people and it is done in a planned manner so that the goals and objectives can be attained (Purce, 2014). It is the management of the human resources and also the performance of the employee is maximized. The main responsibility of the human resource manager is to enhance the motivation level of the employees so that they can work with their efficiency. It is also evaluated that the manager should give emphasis on managing the people that enhance the skills and levels of conducting the work. It is also considered as a way that connects the activities of people with the strategy of the organization. Strategic human resource management is a process that is related to those activities that give direct impact on the actions of the individuals and the business performance is also enhanced (Marchington, Wilkinson, Donnelly and Kynighou, 2016). Human resource management is a process that gives direct impact on managing the people of the organization. This is also related to hiring of people, retention of the candidates, performance management, and change management. The relationship between the management and employees is also maintained. This approach gives emphasis on the objectives and the results of the human resource management function. When the company manages every operation in an effective manner, then it is evaluated that the employees feel motivated to give their best towards the work (Storey, 2014). CPM stands for contemporary people management. It is related to smart human resources that help in managing people and also give support to corporate and individual ambitions. It gives emphasis on meeting the aspirations of the people. It is related to managing the people of the organization. For conducting the operations in an effective manner, it is essential that there should be proper management so that the goals and objectives can be attained by the organization. Managing people is considered as an important task for an organization. If the employees of the organization are managed then it is analyzed that there is an enhancement in the productivity and profitability level. The efficiency of the employees is enhanced when there is proper management in the organization (Barrow, 2015). Managing people at work is an essential activity in the organization. In the recent scenario, the management of people at work has become as an important aspect due to the change in the external environment in which the organization conducts the operations. The managers have the responsibility to manage the people of the organization. Management is considered as an important aspect that should be taken into consideration by every organization so that success can be attained (Alon and Lehrer, 2017). It is analyzed that HRM and CPM can be reconciled if proper management is taken into consideration by the organization. Human resource management is related to the management of human resources. The human resource department tries to enhance the performance of the employees who are working in the organization. It is concerned with the proper management of people within the organization and also gives emphasis on policies and plans adopted by the organization. In the concept of HRM and CPM, the friendly relation is essential as it enhances the effective relationship between the employees and the top management. An organization should have an effective relationship between the manager and the employees who are working in the organization. An effective relationship between employee and the manager is essential as it enhances the success of the organization. Human resource management and contemporary people management plays a great role in enhancing the relationship between the employees and the top management. Contemporary people management is done by the managers and also human resource management is taken into consideration by the managers of the organization. So, it is analyzed that there should be peace and harmony in the organization so that the operations can be conducted smoothly. So, it is evaluated that HRM and CPM are considered as an important aspect of the organization. For attaining growth and success in the market, the organization should give focus on proper management. If there is proper management of people in the organization, then the goals and objectives can be easily accomplished. Proper management also enhances the working pattern of the employees and enhances the productivity level of the organization. References Alon, S. and Lehrer, E., 2017. Subjective Utilitarianism: Decisions in a social context. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Barrow, R., 2015.Utilitarianism: A contemporary statement. Routledge. Beardwell, J. and Thompson, A., 2014.Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Gainer, M., 2013. Assessing Happiness Inequality in the Welfare State: Self-Reported Happiness and the Rawlsian Difference Principle.Social indicators research,114(2), pp.453-464. Godwin, W., 2015.Enquiry concerning political justice: and its influence on morals and happiness. Penguin UK. Hughes, J.L., 2014. The role of happiness in Kants Ethics.Apora,14(1), pp.61-72. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Kynighou, A., 2016.Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Murray, C., 2013.In pursuit: Of happiness and good government. Liberty Fund. Purce, J., 2014. The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Storey, J., 2014.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Veenhoven, R., 2015. Happiness as a priority in social policy: The greatest happiness principle.

Pre-Trip Inspections Essay Essay Example

Pre-Trip Inspections Essay Essay Road accident is a major security concern in the main roads. There are several causes of route accidents but the unexpected events in our roads are ever blamed on the driver. This is because it is assumed that the driver is in full control over the vehicle. However. the major causes of route slaughter in any portion of the universe include mechanical jobs and failures in the vehicle. bad main road designs. unequal route care or foolhardy drive or a combination. It is unfortunate to observe that despite the high figure of people diing on the roads. the route accidents can be prevented to some degree. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Trip Inspections Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Trip Inspections Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Trip Inspections Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Department of Transport every bit good as the jurisprudence enforcement bureaus has made several efforts to implement traffic regulations in order to cut down the figure of route slaughter and related deceases. One of these steps has been the debut of pre-trip review. This paper will analyse the different facets and importance of pre-trip review as a safety step. Pre-Trip Inspection The pre-trip reviews are compulsory demand by the Department of Transport as one of the steps to cut down route slaughter. However. this regulation is one of the most profaned regulations by commercial vehicle drivers today. Furthermore. bulk of the members of the populace are incognizant of these demands. Majority believes that a pre-trip review is an review done by the driver before he or she gets behind the wheel but that is non true. All commercial vehicle drivers are required by the jurisprudence to transport out and log a pre-trip and post-trip review as stipulated in the Highway Traffic Act. A commercial vehicle is designated as any vehicle deliberation over four and half tones. a public service vehicle with a capacity greater than eleven including the driver or a school coach. Pre-trip review of commercial vehicles is carried out by the driver before the first trip every twenty-four hours. In some instances. one trip may take several yearss. In such instances. the pre-trip review must be done before the trip starts and subsequent reviews should be done non later that each remainder halt ( Broemsen. 2009 ) . The review demands by the Department of Transport require that the driver of a commercial vehicle should be satisfied that the vehicle is in good operating status before the start of the trip. The driver can merely be assured of the safety of the vehicle on the route if he or she reviews the last driver study on the status of the vehicle. The driver is expected to subscribe the study to bespeak that he reviewed the study and all the reported mechanical mistakes have been repaired. A commercial vehicle driver can merely be satisfied that the vehicle is in good working status if all the indispensable accoutrements of the vehicle are in order. This includes the brakes. brakes connexions. manus brakes. maneuvering wheel. headlamps. signals. wipers. driving mirrors. tyres and matching devices. Some of these accoutrements such as mirrors need to be checked any clip during the trip whenever the vehicle is parked ( Federal Register. 2006 ) . Safety of the vehicle. lading. the driver and other route users is an of import ground why the Department of Transport enforces pre-trip review. The jurisprudence therefore requires the truck driver to guarantee that all the exigency equipments are in order during the review. The driver is considered to hold committed traffic offense incase he or she fails to utilize the exigency equipment whenever there is demand. Many commercial vehicles are involved in the transit of lading. Inspection of the lading on board and the lading security system is of import before the start of the trip. The thrust should guarantee that the weight of the lading is good distributed and the security devices are in order ( Federal Register. 2006 ) . Different organisation or conveyance companies may hold different policies to better the safety and care of their commercial vehicles. Regardless of such policies. the Department of Transport requires that the driver must determine that the vehicle is in good running status before the start of the first trip. The Highway Traffic Act requires that the driver present a legible written study to the necessary authorization after the trip review. However. this is seldom done. The study should incorporate the description of the vehicle such as the home base figure. the dawdler towed or the unit figure depending on the organization’s policies. The day of the month of review and the mechanical defects noted if any should besides be recorded on the study. In instances where there are no defects or safety concern that have been noted by the driver. he or she is expected to do a statement to that consequence. The study is valid with the signature and name of the driver or the person who was responsible for the review ( Broemsen. 2009 ) . If the driver or the inspector detects or suspects any defect or safety concern. he or she should describe to the relevant authorization in conformity with the organisation or company policies. However. if the defect noted is of sensible safety concern. this should be reported instantly and the relevant steps to rectify the job be taken before the trip can get down. The jurisprudence farther requires that a driver of any commercial vehicle should hold the current transcript of the review study of the vehicle and the dawdler if any at all clip. The advantages of such pre-trip can non be underestimated. Checking the conditions of the vehicle before the start of the trip is cost effectual and increases safety. This is as a consequence of decreased holds as a consequence of dislocations which save on the cost every bit good as important decrease of accidents in the roads as a consequence of mechanical jobs that can easy be rectified before the start of the trip. By following the systematic process of review provided by the section of conveyance. the driver or inspector will transport out an effectual review within a really short clip ( Sulek. 2005 ) . A commercial vehicle such as a truck tractor can cover 1000s of stat mis without dislocations or doing sensible holds to the driver if it is taken attention of decently. Pre-trip review is one of the basic processs that are recommended for proper attention of the vehicle. The basic importance of this review is the cost saved by the conveyance company or the organisation if the guidelines are followed to the latter. Inspection ensures that the investing of the company is protected and the live of the drivers every bit good as other route users are non at hazard. Effective review ensures that common booby traps associated with the conveyance industry which are by and large expensive are avoided which saves on the running cost ( Broemsen. 2009 ) . In any conveyance concern. the greatest cost incurred by the proprietors is the care cost. It is dearly-won for the proprietor of the commercial vehicle to replace worn out parts every bit good as paying the cost of fix. The cost is much higher when the concern lost during unneeded dislocations is considered. Every clip a commercial vehicle is out of the route as a consequence of dislocations that can be avoided. the truck proprietor loses money. This in many instances leads to interrupt of the full concern in the long tally due to the associated loses. Any experient commercial vehicle driver or proprietor is cognizant of the fact that preventative steps are really of import in commercial vehicles operations if they have to remain in concern and do net income. This is true even without sing the increased safety as a consequence of timely review of the vehicles ( Sulek. 2005 ) . It is apparent that effectual pre-trip review prevents the happening of accidents and dislocations. It is considerable safer and cost effectual to mend a minor mistake detected during review that mending a monolithic dislocation on the route which may be associated with other uncalled for costs such as accidents and incommodiousnesss. Pre-trip review gives the driver the assurance in the conditions of the vehicle and the likeliness of being involved in accident as a consequence of mechanical dislocation is reduced significantly. It is estimated that bulk of accidents affecting commercial vehicles are as a consequence of mechanical dislocations and can easy be avoided by review to observe the lack before the start of the trip ( Sulek. 2005 ) . Following the pre-trip review guidelines for all commercial vehicles is hence non of import merely because it is a legal demand but is an of import process that ensures that the investing. the driver and other route users are safe. It saves on cost every bit good as lives. The commercial vehicle driver driving a faulty vehicle wittingly or unwittingly should be cognizant of the fact that he or she portions the route with other automobilists and walkers and is seting their lives at hazard ( Broemsen. 2009 ) . In a nutshell. it is a traffic offense punishable by the jurisprudence for any commercial vehicle driver to drive on the route holding non conducted the pre-trip review as stipulated in the Department of Transport counsel. The driver is apt for prosecution in a tribunal of jurisprudence if he is found driving a commercial vehicle without a transcript of the review sheet. However. as stated earlier. this is one of the most profaned compulsory ordinances in the traffic regulations and the jurisprudence hatchet mans do non see this jurisprudence every bit of import as it is expected. It is of import to observe that during the pre-trip review. the driver has over two 100 things to look into on the commercial vehicle if the review has to be effectual. This is non to state that the pre-trip review is likely to take the better portion of the driver’s twenty-four hours. The review can take less than 30 proceedingss which is much less compared to the cost of the safety hazards and dislocations incase it is non done. Even an extended review by the relevant authorization ever takes less than one hr and includes mechanical review every bit good as review of the drivers report among other things ( Broemsen. 2009 ) . One of the most of import facets the driver needs to look into is the conditions of the Surs. Cost related to tyres’ jobs is the largest individual dislocation disbursal in conveyance concern. It accounts for more than a 3rd of the care cost of commercial vehicles. It is hence really of import for the driver to pass considerable sum of clip guaranting that the Surs are in good working status before the start of the trip and during the trip whenever the vehicle is parked. Nine out of 10 commercial vehicles dislocations are caused by under hyperbolic Surs ( Federal Register. 2006 ) . Under hyperbolic Surs besides contribute to cut down lifetime of the Sur by up to a 3rd. Under hyperbolic Surs are besides responsible for fuel inefficiency and heat buildup. The driver should besides inspect the Sur togss. tear and wear which is irregular and clefts and take the necessary steps. Proper working Surs guarantee the cost of dislocations is decreased and safety is enhanced ( Federal Register. 2006 ) . Brake failure is a major cause of accident in both commercial and non commercial vehicles. Checking the interrupting systems on a regular basis is hence an of import facet of commercial vehicle review. The criterion every bit good as the parking brakes should be in good on the job conditions before the driver is satisfied to get down the day’s trip. The sum of liner should be sensible and the systems should be maintained in conformity with the guidelines. This counsel requires the driver to look into that the force per unit area systems are in good working status including the rate of gas linkage. The rate of force per unit area build up and low force per unit area sensing systems should be proper in order to give timely dismay. However. the most important cheque for the interruption systems is the fluid leakages. This is the first and most of import review a commercial vehicle driver needs to look into which can be easy noticed by fluids on the land around the vehicle. This should be followed by look intoing the coolants. fluids and oil degree in the goon ( Federal Register. 2006 ) . It is of import to guarantee that all the gages such as temperature. force per unit area. fuel and oil gages are in good on the job status. No driver in his right head can bury to look into the fuel degree instantly after turning on the vehicle. Checking the electric systems of the vehicle is an every bit of import facet of vehicle review to determine safety. The warning visible radiations. turning signals. brake signals. headlamps every bit good as the doorbells should be in good order to avoid uncalled for minor accidents due to hapless communicating with other drivers on the route. In general. the full electric constituent of vehicle should be in good on the job status. Frayed or lose wires are safety jeopardies because they can be easy exposed and possible cause fire as a consequence of short-circuiting which may be really hazardous particularly if the lading in extremely inflammable ( Federal Register. 2006 ) . Decision Due to the big figure of route slaughter in the roads affecting commercial vehicles. for the safety of the investing. the lading or riders. the driver and other route users. it is of import to guarantee that all safety steps are taken. One of the most of import safety steps is to guarantee that the vehicle is in good on the job status. The driver demand to guarantee that the truck has no mechanical mistakes by conductivity a pre-trip review. This is a demand by the jurisprudence though it is one of the most profaned mandatary traffic Torahs. Reference Broemsen. M. ( 2009 ) . Commercial Truck Maintenance: The Importance of a Pre-Trip Inspection. retrieved on 10th May 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. goarticles. com/cgi-bin/showa. cgi? C=1598113. Federal Register ( 2006 ) . Title 49 – Transportation system: Department of Transportation Parts 300 – 399. ISBN 1577857763. ProStar Publications. Sulek. J. M. A ; Lind. M. R. ( 2005 ) . â€Å"Fail-Safe Methods for Paratransit Safety. † Journal of Public Transportation. Vol. 8. No. 4. pp 65-66

Cover Letter Tips for Receptionists

Cover Letter Tips for Receptionists The job search experts at Best-Job-Interview.com have developed this cover letter template for receptionists looking for their next opportunity. My annotations are italicized after each paragraph- feel free to update and adapt to your experiences or reword to reflect your own voice! The more personalized your letter is for its intended recipient, the better.Your Name   Your Address   Your Contact details (phone and email)  Even if youre submitting online, if youre given the opportunity to upload a document, format it like you would a letter. If youre using an email to send your cover letter, include your name and contact information in your email signature instead.DateMs Mary Stevens   Hiring Manager   ABC Company   15 South Parkway   Long Island, NY 11551  Again, an online submission process can throw a wrench in here, but if there are any contact details for the HR department online, call in and just ask the receptionist who will be reviewing the materials so you ca n personalize your letter. It looks much better than just To whom it may concern and shows youre willing to take initiative and go above and beyond, before youve even landed the interview.Dear Ms. Stevens:Err on the side of Ms over Miss or Mrs. If the gender of a name is ambiguous, the safest option is to use the full name, i.e. Dear Alex StevensYour job posting for a receptionist at ABC company caught my attention immediately as my skills and experience are a close match to your requirements for this position. Im a longtime fan of ABCs work with companies like Generics Inc. Thank you for your consideration of my application and the enclosed resume.   Notice the specificity of the opening paragraph- Jane names the company and indicates she has some knowledge of its work. If shed encountered the post on a specific job site, or even better, received a word-of-mouth referral, she could have mentioned that here as well. Dont try to fake it- actually research any company youre applying to, and try to find some positive mention of them in the news to enrich your letter.I have three years work experience as a receptionist in a large organization where I was responsible for handling all calls and visitors in addition to providing extensive organizational and administrative support. I am a self-directed and independent worker who has taken the initiative to learn as much as possible about the company I work for in order to become a valuable information resource.  Obviously this is a generic version of a skill summary- you would want to name your previous employer and possibly mention a specific example of something youd learned about or a project you initiated. Whats noteworthy is that its not just a repetition of a resume bullet point, but a broader summary.Organizational and planning skills are among my particular strengths. I have developed a number of processes to manage my varied responsibilities tasks and make sure I meet the demands of a fast-paced work envi ronment. I utilize technology to assist me wherever possible and have a good working knowledge of a number of computer applications including MS Office.   This is fairly vague also- an experienced receptionist should be able to refer to specific processes or scheduling and project management programs. If this crossed my consultant desk, I would suggest Jane use more positive language like Im comfortable with content management systems and learning proprietary software on the job.My strong communication skills and outgoing, energetic personality ensure that I provide first-rate customer service to both clients and colleagues. I thoroughly enjoy dealing with a wide variety of people and take pride in being the face of an organization or the first point of contact over the phone.This is where a close reading of the job description comes in handy- highlight aspects of your personality, as Jane does, that will conform to the demands of the job. I like that Jane mentions both outside cl ients and her colleagues, since a good receptionist has to be able to get along with everybody.ABC Company enjoys an excellent reputation and I am confident that I would be an asset to your company. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss my abilities in more depth and am available for an interview at your earliest convenience. Please contact me via phone or email to arrange a convenient time for us to meet. Thank you for your time and consideration and I hope to speak with you soon.End with a note about the company youre applying to, and indicate your availability for an interview. Make sure it doesnt sound like a demand or a hostage negotiation, but is breezy and polite!Sincerely,Jane JobseekerAug 10, Job-Winning Receptionist Cover LetterRead More at Best-job-interview

The Broadway Cafe Part II Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Broadway Cafe Part II - Case Study Example These coupons are sent through SMS, MMS, Bluetooth and other mobile media. The consumer can redeem coupon at store or through internet. The mobile coupons are better than the traditional paper coupon in such a way because the coupons are reliable means of encouraging bulk purchases. Whether the product or service is traditional or not the coupon promotes experiment among new target customers. It can promote sales. Once the product is sold through proper distribution channel, the coupon ensures that they sell through to the end user. Through mobile coupon, companies can make a database of customers, because to ‘receive their check’ the customers must provide their number and address. These databases help the company to track purchasers (Mobile Market Association, 2007). There are other benefits of using mobile coupon which include: Customers always keep mobile with them, so they can never leave mobile coupon at home Customer can use mobile coupon system whenever they pref er to buy or eat anything from shop. All they have to do is to send the coupons before lunch time Customer can forward these coupons to their friends and relatives and they will not have to pay any extra charges for forwarding coupons Young people and teenagers prefer mobile coupon system to traditional printed coupon system Uses of mobile coupon can save trees because it doesn’t need any paper unlike the tradition coupon system (Advanced Mobile Solutions, 2010). Question 2 What Are The Risks Involved With Mobile Marketing And M-Coupons? Many customers are disturbed by receiving any type of marketing messages into mobile because mobile is a personal thing (Marketing Minefield, 2007). Mobile is good for marketing, but there are many mobiles which support only 160 characters per SMS and that is not enough to display all information about any special offer (Marketing Minefield, 2007). Privacy is a big issue in mobile phone. At times, customers provide instruction to mobile subsc riber to opt out any unnecessary messages. Because of troubles related with opt-in SMS lists, this marketing technique has its own restrictions towards the customers (Marketing Minefield, 2007). Standardization is also a drawback of mobile coupon system, because each phone has their operating system, different screen size and different browsers. Marketers have to optimize their phone to the customers’ phone for delivering any kind of advertisements or WebPages (Business Link, n.d.). Customers are cautious nowadays to respond to SMS messages because of increase in fraudulent and spam SMSs. They respond negatively to unwanted messages (Business Link, n.d.). Question 3 What Are The Privacy Issues Involved With Mobile Marketing And M-Coupons? In mobile marketing system, securing privacy is a ‘commercially valuable benefit’ which protect customer’s privacy in online environment. Customers always value their privacy. They are always cautious whether a wireless s ite is tracking and receiving any private information about them. It is common that every company needs demographic and behavioral information about their customers for business purposes, but customer feel that no company has the right to sell their information to other organization. The ultimate solution to this conflict is to make a partnership with customers where company can control the ownership of customer’

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Management - Essay Example In this context, the management of risk has become an indispensable part of strategic management. It should be noted that the risk management approaches used by businesses worldwide are not standardized. This means that organizations of different size and characteristics can choose the risk management approach that best suits to their needs. Current paper focuses on risk as an element of the project management. Reference is made to a particular company, the Informative Web Systems (IWS). The firm operates in the Australian market for about a decade. Since last year, the performance of the firm has been deteriorated, being decreased for about 8% compared to 2009. The failures of the project risk management of the firm have been considered as responsible for this outcome. The current project risk management of the firm is evaluated compared to other project risk management approaches – as presented in the literature. ... In businesses the effects of risk are usually related to the decrease of organizational performance. The level at which risk can be estimated by reviewing the common consequences of similar risks in businesses operating in the same industrial sector (Khosrowpour 2001, 142). In accordance with Kaye and Graham (2006, 6) one of the most usual characteristics of risk is that it cannot be fully eliminated; it can always appear, in different forms, even it has been already faced successfully. Moreover, Bowden, Lane and Martin (2001, 5) note that the failures in managing risk can have a series of consequences for the businesses involved, including ‘sanctions for directors, civil claims and legal costs’ (Bowden, Lane and Martin 2001, 5). The effective management of risk means that risk related to the operations of a particular organization is effectively identified and addressed (Bowden, Lane and Martin 2001, 165). Referring specifically to the risks related to projects, Merna a nd Al-Thani (2008, 42) noted that the management of such risk refers to a series of non-monetary issues/ needs, such as: environment, people, ethics and quality (Merna and Al-Thani, 2008, 42). 2.2 Project risk management approaches in Informative Web Systems (IWS) 2.2.1 Project risk management in IWS - overview One of the priorities of the project risk management approach used in Informative Web Systems is the limitation of risk in the beginning of each project – reference is made to the risks related to the initial phases of the firm’s projects. Because of the need for continuous update of the technology involved in the development of the firm’s project, the risk management approach developed by the firm’s managers has been based on the following principles: a) risk related to

Knowledge Management Models And Frameworks Commerce Essay

Knowledge Management Models And Frameworks Commerce Essay The purpose of this paper is to critically review the various knowledge management models and frameworks. The review found that various knowledge management models and frameworks varies in perspectives ranging from the basic assumption of the articulation and transfer of tacit and explicit knowledge to the more complex and complicated assumption that knowledge is intellectual capital and it is mechanistic in perspective as well as an important asset that has to be managed efficiently for firms success. In this paper, knowledge management models are divided into three categories: knowledge category models, intellectual capital models, and socially constructed models. Besides, two knowledge management frameworks will be discussed in this paper. Finally, a KM model and framework is tentatively suggested to act as a useful guide for further research and organizational application. Introduction Nowadays, the world is fully experiencing an era, namely: knowledge age or the knowledge economy. In knowledge economy, knowledge is the crucial commodity due to the rapidly technological advancement. The technological innovations are eliminating the gap between competing companies and the collective knowledge of the employees become the key factor in producing innovative and competitive products or services (Sunassee and Sewry, 2002). Since previously managers did not encourage diffusion and sharing of knowledge among employees, changing in mindset is required for managing the knowledge effectively. The knowledge-driven activities in organizations and of the broader economic and social life lead to the management of knowledge become very important (Sunassee and Sewry, 2002). In general, this managerial activity has been known as Knowledge Management (KM). Previous research on knowledge management indicates the existence of various definitions of knowledge management. According to Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), knowledge management is the capability of a company to create new knowledge, disseminate it throughout the organization and embody it in products, services, and systems. Duffy (1999) defines knowledge management as the identification, growth and effective application of an organisations critical knowledge. Knowledge management has been defined in another term, which is an organized and explicit process to generate, renew, and apply knowledge to maximize an organizations knowledge-related effectiveness and returns from its knowledge assets (Wiig, 1997). Alavi and Leidner (1999) define knowledge management as a systemic and organizationally specified process for acquiring, organizing, and communicating both tacit and explicit knowledge of employees so that other employees may make use of it to be more effective and productive in thei r work. Besides, ODell et al., (1998) define knowledge management as a conscious strategy of getting the right knowledge to the right people at the right time and helping people share and put information into action in ways that strive to improve organizational performance. For instance, Beckman (1999) define knowledge management as the formalization of and access to experience, knowledge and expertise that create new capabilities, enable superior performance, encourage innovation and enhance customer value. In general, KM is the process of creating, storing, distributing, and applying knowledge. By reviewing the significance of knowledge management and the complexity of its nature, it is timely to try to understand the latest theories underlying knowledge and knowledge management. Hence, this paper will critically study the latest models and frameworks of knowledge management and discuss on the assumptions and views of each model and framework. The aim of this paper is to examine the current understanding of the theory and practice of the emerging field of knowledge management by critically evaluating existing knowledge management models and frameworks. Therefore, employers or practitioners in organizations can understand their concepts and improved approaches can be developed and applied to organization and to those who need to work and implement knowledge management. This paper will begin by presenting the aims and objectives and followed with a short discussion on the types of knowledge. This is followed with the discussion on some of the existing knowledge management models and frameworks. Types of Knowledge In todays competitive business environment, only the knowledge of an organization can provide the basis for organizational renewal and sustainable competitive advantages. Organizational knowledge can be classified into two distinctive types of knowledge: explicit and tacit. According to Polanyi (1967), explicit knowledge is the knowledge which is easily to formalize, transfer, and store; documented, articulated into formal language, formally expressible and easily to communicate; tacit knowledge is pertaining to ideas, feelings, and individual experience, which is more complicated and difficult to share with each others. Explicit knowledge is the fact and can be codified and transmitted in a systematic and formal language. It is usually data, which is internal to an organization and can be easily collected. Tacit knowledge is the personal experiences, context-specific knowledge that is difficult to formalize record or articulate. It actually resides in the heads of the people, behavior and perception (Frid, 2000). Examples are intuitions, hunches, insights, beliefs and values. Both tacit and explicit knowledge are needed for an organization to achieve greater performance (Sanchez et. al. 1996). Knowledge Management Models and Frameworks Knowledge Category Models These types of model categorize knowledge into discrete elements. One of the most renowned KM models fits into this category, the Knowledge Spiral model by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995). This model presents a high level conceptual representation of the knowledge dimensions, namely tacit and explicit knowledge. The model makes a number of assumptions, namely: 1. Tacit knowledge can be transferred through a process of socialization (everyday comradeship) to become the tacit knowledge of others top left quadrant 2. Tacit knowledge can become explicit knowledge through a process of externalization (formalizing a body of knowledge) top right quadrant 3. Explicit knowledge can be transferred into tacit knowledge in others through a process of internalization (translating theories into practice) bottom left quadrant 4. Explicit knowledge can be transferred to explicit knowledge in others through a process of combination (combining existing theories) -bottom right quadrant. One criticism of the model is that knowledge transfer in organizations is much more complicated and convoluted than this simple matrix suggests. The model also assumes an integration of tacit and explicit knowledge; often this is not the case. This model is shown in figure no. 1 below. A simple but more elaborate version of Nonakas model is shown in figure no. 2 (Hedlund and Nonaka, 1993). This model assumes there are four different levels of carriers, or agents, of knowledge in organizations, namely the individual, the group, the organization and the inter-organizational domain (customers, suppliers, competitors, etc.). The above model is helpful by relating the carriers to the types of knowledge; it remains problematic in that it assumes the carriers, like the knowledge, can be simply separated. Another example of a knowledge category model is that of Boisot, (1998), as shown in figure no. 3. Boisots model considers knowledge as codified or uncodified, diffused or undiffused, within an organization. Boisot uses the term codified to refer to knowledge that can be readily prepared for transmission purposes (e.g. financial data). The term uncodified refers to knowledge that cannot be easily prepared for transmission purposes (e.g. experience). The term diffused refers to knowledge that is readily shared while undiffused refers to knowledge that is not readily shared. The model presents the following characteristics: 1. Knowledge categorized as both codified and undiffused is referred to as propriety knowledge. In this case, knowledge is prepared for transmission but is deliberately restricted to a selectively small population, on a need to know basis (e.g. projected profits, share price issues) top left quadrant 2. Knowledge that is relatively uncodified and undiffused is referred to as personal knowledge (e.g. perceptions, insights, experiences) bottom left quadrant knowledge that is both codified and diffused is referred to as public knowledge (e.g. journals, books, libraries) top right quadrant Knowledge which is relatively diffused but also uncodified is labeled common sense bottom right quadrant. Boisot, (1998) considers such knowledge as being built up slowly by a process of socialization, harboring customs and intuition. There are few similarities between Nonakas model and Boisots model. For example, Nonakas categorization of explicit and tacit knowledge has a degree of correspondence with Boisots reference to codified and uncodified knowledge. The horizontal dimension relates to the spread or diffusion of knowledge across the organization in both models. However, Boisots model experiences the same limitations as Nonakas model in that codified and uncodified are but two discrete categories of knowledge. In addition, the idea of diffused knowledge is rather general and it is not clear if it includes incorporating knowledge within the organization, as well as disseminating it. Figure No. 3-Knowledge Category Model (Boisot, 1998) Intellectual Capital Models Management gurus such as Drucker (1993) and Brooking (1997) and practitioner icons such as Edvinsson, (1997) elucidated the notion of Intellectual Capital (IC). Knowledge and capital have been linked together for many years. Knowledge is being capitalized as a resource comparable to land or oil. However, we also need to focus on the intangible elements which knowledge contains such as employee skills, experiences, patients, copyrights, brands, licensing opportunities, research and development, innovative use of assets such as databases, etc. (Quintas et al, 1997). As these type of elements are not normally recorded on the traditional organizational balance sheet they are referred to Intellectual Assets; hence the term Intellectual Capital. KM is actively concerned with the strategic outlook and operational tactics required for managing human centered, intellectual assets (Brooking, 1997). According to Peters (1992), KM can affect intellectual capital or as recognizing or rediscovering assets that the organization are not using to full potential, ultimately employees. As these approaches imply that the key areas of KM are the management of IC it is worth reviewing a typical IC model. The model, shown below in figure no. 5, is the Intellectual Capital model from Skandia Insurance which is adopted from Chase (1997), and Roos and Roos (1997). According to Edvinsson and Malone, (1997) intellectual capital concsists the applied experience, organizational technology, customer relationships and professional skills that provide Skandia with a competitive advantage in the market. One problem that can be associated with this model is the adoption of a scientific approach to knowledge. This is evident through the classification of knowledge as a commodity linking it to organization capital. This view of intellectual capital ignores the political and social aspects of KM. KM can be decomposed into objective elements rather than being socio-political phenomena from the view of intellectual capital. This is similar to the Nonaka and Takeuchi, (1995) approach. As befits a new area of inquiry, much analytical work is focused on categorizing, mapping and measuring of knowledge types and processes. Although this is helpful, the epistemological basis of the field cannot be ignored (McAdam and McCreedy, 1999). Hence, we need to embrace socially constructed models of KM. Figure No. 4-Intellectual Capital Model of KM (Chase, 1997) Socially Constructed Models This group of models assumes a wide definition of knowledge viewing it as being intrinsically linked within the social and learning processes of the organization. KM is concerned with the construction, capture, interpretation, embodiment, dissemination and use of knowledge. These components are represented in Demerests (1997) Knowledge Management model. The model is developed from the original work of Clark and Staunton, (1989) and Nonaka and Takeuchi, (1995). It can be compared to that of Jordan and Jones, (1997) who speak of knowledge acquisition, problem solving, dissemination, ownership and storage and that of Kruizinga et al. (1997) who include knowledge policy, infrastructure and culture. Firstly, the model emphasizes the construction of knowledge within the organization. The model assumes that constructed knowledge is then embodied. Next the embodied knowledge is disseminated throughout the organization. Ultimately the knowledge is used to gain economic value with regard to organizational outputs. The black arrows in figure no. 5 show the primary flow direction while the white arrows show the more recursive flows. Figure No. 5 -Knowledge Management Model Demerest, (1997) Demerests model is attractive in that it does not assume any given definition of knowledge but rather invites a more holistic approach to knowledge construction. However, it does imply a simplistic procession approach to the flow of knowledge transfer, while in reality this may be extremely rapid and circulatory. To overcome this gap a slightly modified version of Demerests model has been developed, figure no. 6. Firstly the model emphasizes the construction of knowledge within an organization where either a scientific or social paradigm may be adopted. The scientific view of knowledge takes a knowledge is truth view (Morgan, 1986). This view considers that knowledge is a body of facts and rational laws thus promoting a non-personal view of knowledge, skills and tasks (Lave and Wenger, 1991). On the other hand the social view of knowledge is concerned with the social and learning processes within an organization. However, this approach assumes that knowledge construction is inequality, conflict, domination, subordination and manipulation influences as well as more traditional behavioral questions associated with efficiency and motivation (Alvesson and Wilmott, 1996). Thus social knowledge construction is a dynamic process of contextuality rather than the assimilation of a body of facts. In th e McAdam and McCreedys (1999) model depicted in figure no. 6, knowledge construction is not limited to scientific inputs through explicit programmes but includes a process of social interaction. The implications of this broader concept of knowledge construction must be reflected in the embodiment/dissemination of knowledge as part of the organizations KM approach. There is little point in widening the concept of knowledge construction only to limit the embodiment and dissemination techniques used or to force existing techniques onto new knowledge. Attempting to do so will lead to disappointing results, frustration and a negative view to KM caused by the mismatch between conception and application. Knowledge usage must also be reflected via the knowledge initiatives installed in the organization. Demerest (1997) describes use (as deployed in figure no. 6) as the production of commercial value for the customer. While increasing commercial value is a key objective of KM, it is not the only objective. Therefore knowledge use must be employed through the application of a complementary approach for emancipatory enhancements and organization outputs. This will permit the organization to be viewed and reformed from different perspectives that will facilitate continuous innovation, thus creating the ultimate business benefits for the organization as a whole. While the interconnecting vectors (black arrows) show the primary flow of activity, more recursive arrows are added to reflect the circulating nature of activity flows, thus depicting that KM is not a simple sequential process. Figure No. 6-Modified Version of Demerests Knowledge Management Model (McAdam and McCreedy, 1999) Knowledge Management Frameworks Stankosky and Baldanza (2001) developed a knowledge management framework which addresses enabling factors such as learning, culture, leadership, organization and technology (refer to figure no. 7). This framework presents that knowledge management covers a wide range of disciplines that include cognitive science, communication, individual and organizational behavior, psychology, finance, economics, human resource, management, strategic planning, system thinking, process reengineering, system engineering, computer technologies and software and library science. This framework consists four major foundations of an organization which is important for knowledge management are leadership, organization structure, technology infrastructure and learning. The role of leadership is practicing strategic planning and systems thinking approaches, making best use of resources, fostering a culture that encourages open dialogue and team learning, and for encouraging and rewarding risk taking, learning and knowledge sharing. Organization structure should facilitate personal interactions and support communities of practice to capture tacit and explicit knowledge within the organization. Besides, organizational structure should facilitate trust among people within the organization and encourage free exchange of knowledge. Technology infrastructure allows exchange of information without formal structures. Technology infrastructure should enhance the efficient and effective capture of both tacit and explicit knowledge. It should also support knowledge sharing in the entire organization. Lastly, learning is responsible for managing information in order to build enterprise wide knowledge and use that knowledge to organizational learning, change and performance improvement. Figure No. 7-Basic Disciplines Underlying Knowledge Management and its Enabling Factors (Stankosky and Baldanza , 2001) Karadesh et al. (2009) developed a knowledge management framework that emphasizes on developing phases such as knowledge infrastructure, knowledge combination, knowledge filtering, knowledge repository, knowledge sharing, knowledge application, and finally, knowledge performance across the KM process (refer to figure no. 8). The first element is knowledge infrastructure, which relies on building the proper culture for Knowledge Management System and establishes the awareness of the importance of KM among the individuals in the organization. The second element is knowledge combination that functions as a temporary repository of collected information from the infrastructure phase. The third element is knowledge evaluation which is used to assess the knowledge based on the value; accuracy and relevance after the knowledge have been combined from different sources (Sunassee and Sewry, 2002). Knowledge filtering is the fourth element that prepares knowledge to be stored in the next phase, after going through classification, categorization and organization. The fifth element is knowledge repository that functions as storage for the knowledge collected in the past stages. It also can be viewed as organization memory and retention of knowledge assets. Knowledge sharing is a core process in the process of the KM that transfers and shares knowledge among the individuals in the organization. Knowledge application is the seventh element that applies and represents information to knowledge seekers in appropriate matter. The last element is knowledge performance which is used to evaluate every KM system, process, performance, and impact of KM. It is performing according to the organization goals and objectives. Figure No. 8-Conceptual Framework for Knowledge Management Process (Karadesh et al., 2009) Conclusion The review of existing knowledge management models and frameworks has seen a wide spectrum of viewpoints. Knowledge management has been seen from the categorical view in which knowledge are categorized into discrete elements as seen in Boisot, Nonaka, and Nonaka and Hedlunds models to the more complicated and complex perspective of knowledge that is mechanistic and socially constructed orientation (McAdam and McCreedys, 1999). Moreover, these knowledge management models have made reference to: first, the process of managing the flow knowledge; second, categorization models are mechanistic; third, the intellectual capital model assumed that intellectual capital are crucial assets in organization and should be manage efficiently for firms success; fourth, Demerests model is intrinsically linked with the social and learning process within organizations; McAdam and McCreedys model is slightly modified from Demerests model, which seeks to address the limitations by explicitly showing the influence of both social and scientific paradigms of knowledge construction, and extends the use element to cover both business and employee benefits. Stankosky and Baldanzas knowledge management framework emphasized that leadership, organization structure, technology infrastructure and learning are important foundations for knowledge management in an organization; finally, Karadesh et al.s knowledge management framework represents with extensive and detailed processes and tends to provide guidelines for executing KM successfully, save time and efforts and to avoid inaccuracies. Even though knowledge management models and frameworks have evolved from time to time, basically the models and frameworks provide a way of transforming managerial activities and guiding managerial efforts in managing knowledge in the organizations. The KM model and framework that are suggested to act as a useful guide for further research and organizational application is McAdam and McCreedys model and Karadesh et al.s framework. McAdam and McCreedys model combines scientific and socially constructed knowledge, and also the uses/benefits of KM are viewed as both emancipatory and as business oriented. Karadesh et al.s framework provides a broadest analysis of KM process that can be used to foster the development of organization knowledge and enhance the organizational impact of individuals throughout the organizations. Therefore, it is suggested that this model and framework could act as a useful guide for further research and literature evaluation in the area of knowledge management.